RE: Flare is back18 May 2023 15:17
Https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/853661587048977000/Estimation-of-flare-gas-volumes-from-satellite-data-002.pdf
Overview
The World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR), in partnership with the U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Payne Institute for Public Policy at the Colorado
School of Mines, has developed global gas flaring estimates based upon observations from satellites launched in
2012 and 2017. The advanced sensors of this satellite detect the heat emitted by gas flares as infrared emissions
at global upstream oil and gas facilities. The Colorado School of Mines and GGFR quantify these infrared
emissions and calibrate them using country-level data collected by a third-party data supplier, Cedigaz, to
produce robust estimates of global gas flaring volumes.
Interpretation methodology
Detecting gas flares
The satellite data for estimating flare gas volumes is collected by NOAA’s satellite-mounted Visual and Infrared
Radiometer Suite of detectors (VIIRS). VIIRS has a multispectral set of, infrared detectors which:
• at nighttime respond only to heat emissions and hence are not affected by sunlight, moonlight or other
light sources
• respond to wavelengths where emissions from flares are at a maximum
• overflies every flare several times per night
• have excellent spatial resolution
The images below, covering an area over Kuwait, Iraq and Iran, show the differences in resolution between the
current VIIRS satellites and those used before 2012.
• The image on the left shows both flares and lights from towns and cities. This image is taken from NOAA’s
DMSP satellites, used prior to 2012.
• The image on the right shows the excellent resolution of the VIIRS detectors and their ability to respond
exclusively to heat from the flares and not to the surrounding visible light.
The ability of VIIRS to detect discriminate hot sources, such as gas flares, enables flares to be detected
automatically with minimal manual intervention. Emissions from non-flare hot sources (e.g. biomass burning) can
DMSP VIIRSM10
2
be removed from the data by selecting only emissions with temperatures above 1100 C; other hot sources burn
at lower temperatures. Indeed, flares burn hotter than any other terrestrial hot sources, including volcanos.
Since the first year of year of operation in 2012, VIIRS has automatically detected ~10,000 flares annually around
the globe.
Estimating gas flare volumes from the VIIRS satellite data
Flare volumes are estimated using the heat generated by the gas burning in the flare. The amount of heat
generated is close to proportional to the volume of gas being burned. The heat (in the form of infrared
emissions received from a flare by the satellite) generates a signal with a unique temperature and magnitude
which, when combined, are used to estimate the radiant heat being emitted by the flare (in Watts).
The infrared emissions received by th