RE: Stunning3 Oct 2025 01:45
Good — I dug through public sources and market reports. Short answer first, then the detail and the uncertainties.
Quick summary (best public estimates)
U.S. — Department of Energy / Savannah River Site (SRS, via the NIDC): ~8,000–10,000 liters of ³He per year (≈1.07–1.34 kg/yr). SRS is the documented producer and processor of He-3 recovered from tritium decay in the U.S. stockpile.
Russia — military/tritium-derived supply (state programs): Estimates up to ~20,000 L/yr (≈2.68 kg/yr) have been cited in the technical literature as a possible historical production scale; Russia has also been a significant exporter of He-3 in recent trade data. Exact current production figures are not publicly disclosed.
Commercial vendors (Air Liquide, Air Products, Linde, Messer, etc.): these companies resell small volumes of ³He on the open market (sourced from government stockpiles, tritium decay, or traders), but they do not publish annual production figures for ³He. Availability is limited and sold in liters/containers on request.
Notes on numbers, conversions & why data is fuzzy
Why units look small: He-3 production is tiny by mass. At STP one liter of helium gas contains about 0.1339 grams of He-3 (1 L ≈ 0.13393 g). That means 8,000 L ≈ 1.07 kg, 10,000 L ≈ 1.34 kg, and 20,000 L ≈ 2.68 kg. (These conversions follow the ideal-gas / molar mass calculation for helium.)
Primary source: nearly all terrestrial He-3 is produced as a by-product of tritium (³H) decay — tritium is made and managed principally by national nuclear/defense programs, so the supply is controlled and often classified. That’s why public, organization-level, audited annual figures are scarce.
Published estimates vary: older technical reports and market studies commonly cite U.S. production in the 8,000–10,000 L/yr range (some reports give higher historical maxima), and some analyses estimate Russia’s extraction at levels comparable or higher (hence the commonly-repeated ballpark a few kg per year for each major producer). But these are estimates rather than firm, continuously published production numbers.
Sources I used
Savannah River Site (SRS) program pages and DOE/NIDC product pages (SRS is the documented U.S. recovery/producer).
Technical/analysis reports summarizing historical production and estimated extraction rates (PPPL / Newbury style reports that list ~8–20k L/yr ranges).
Market reports and vendor pages (Air Liquide, market research summaries) showing that commercial suppliers do sell He-3 but do not publish centralized production numbers.
Trade/export data showing Russia as a recent significant exporter.
Bottom line and caveats
Bottom line: public, reliable, organization-by-organization annual production numbers are not consistently published. The best supported public estimate is that the U.S. (SRS/DOE) is a primary producer at about 8k–10k L/yr (≈1.1–1.3 kg/yr), Russia likely prod