RE: Sunday Times20 Dec 2020 08:35
The chief executive of the independent Climate Change Committee, Chris Stark, told The Times recently: “You’d need something like 300GW of offshore wind if you wanted to produce the amount of hydrogen we’d need to straightforwardly replace natural gas, and that doesn’t seem like a practical solution.” The UK has 10GW of offshore wind capacity and plans to increase that to 40GW by 2030.
Johnson is keen on carbon capture and storage — trapping carbon from steam-reformed hydrogen and pumping it into depleted gas and saline caverns beneath the North Sea, hence the moniker “blue” hydrogen.
Then there is storing and transporting hydrogen. The gas must be compressed under intense pressure to be used in cars such as Toyota’s Mirai, as it is much less dense than fossil fuels. Transporting it as a liquid requires freezing it to -253C. The gas is prone to leaking and can make steel pipes brittle. It is also highly explosive.
“On the surface, hydrogen looks like the answer to every energy question,” said Michael Liebreich, founder of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, on Twitter. “Sadly, it displays an impressive list of disadvantages. Even so, it holds a vice-like grip over the imaginations of techno-optimists.”
S&P said that to make hydrogen viable, the cost of producing it from renewables must fall more than 50% to $2-$2.50 per kilogram by 2030. Even then, it would require a market price almost three times the current price of natural gas in the UK.
None of this deters the gas’s advocates. The EU has made it a pillar of its post-Covid recovery and envisages spending as much as €470bn (£426bn) on hydrogen production by 2050, claiming that it could meet 24% of world demand by then.
Hayden Wood, chief executive of energy supplier Bulb, said: “It might be useful for things like shipping and heavy industry, but the real challenge will be competing with the likes of electricity for residential heat.”
On a former RAF base in Cumbria, three new terrace homes have been fitted with boilers made by Worcester Bosch that are designed to run exclusively on hydrogen. Worcester began developing a hydrogen-powered boiler in 2015. “They have been driven to destruction in our laboratories,” said director Martyn Bridges. When mass-produced they will be “roughly” the same price as a gas boiler, he said.
“We know we’ve got to get rid of gas in its present form,” added Bridges, who said it was “hard to see” the downsides. Worcester’s boilers are hydrogen-ready: they will run on natural gas until converted with parts costing about £75.
Proponents of the fuel argue that it can be injected into the grid without requiring a huge replacement of gas infrastructure or rebuilding the electricity network, which would be required if homes were to be powered solely by electricity.
Experts reckon a mix of up to 20% hydrogen with natural gas could be pumped into the grid to begin that process. A trial is under way at Keele University in Staffordshire.