RE: What would labours increased EPL mean for Enquest and others11 Feb 2024 18:54
And here we glimpse the geopolitical significance of Ukraine. In the coming decades two things will prove crucial. First, we’ll need fossil fuels to keep the lights on in the short term; second, in the medium term we’ll need access to a wide variety of materials to build a renewable energy infrastructure (we can argue about the speed of the energy transition, but the transition itself is non-negotiable). This means that fossil fuel prices will continue to rise, providing a final windfall to suppliers (look at the money flowing to Saudi Arabia). But it also means that the price of some materials is set to spiral. These include lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese and “rare earths” like neodymium, used in electric vehicles and the magnets of wind turbines.
It’s worth pondering this. Renewable energy may be clean at the point of delivery, but it is also materially intensive in production. An electric car can use six times more minerals than a combustion-engine equivalent, with up to 250,000kg of raw materials just for the battery. Now widen the lens to consider the staggering requirements to build wind turbines, solar panels and more at scale. You can perhaps now see why the International Energy Agency estimates that demand for lithium will rise by 2,700 to 4,300 per cent and that of cobalt and nickel by 2,500 per cent. These are the new gold.
Let’s circle back to Ukraine. Did you know that it has been described by Jonathan Maxwell in his superb book The Edge as a “mineral superpower”? Did you know it has the second-largest gas reserves in Europe after Norway? Or that the Donbas boasts one of the largest coal deposits in the world? And that Ukraine has stocks of 117 of the 120 most widely used metals and minerals, including manganese, sulphur, graphite, titanium and nickel? Did you know that one think tank has estimated the mineral wealth now under Russian control in Ukraine at $12.4 trillion, which is nearly four times the UK’s GDP (albeit the former is a stock, the latter a flow).
Now do you see the geopolitical importance of Ukraine? Carlson asked briefly about gas pipelines but grasped nothing of their significance. Russia has historically sold its gas to Europe (principally Germany), but it was already diversifying its base. Perhaps the key geopolitical fact of the world today is that China (a net energy importer) runs on 60 per cent coal and 6 per cent gas, a position it must reverse. Russia had long been preparing the ground for an invasion of Ukraine (it would, of course, have preferred to engineer a puppet government) by frantically building pipelines into China in case of of western sanctions.