BP12 Oct 2025 15:05
Following a 2022 ban on seaborne Russian oil, Europe has diversified its crude oil suppliers, relying heavily on Norway, the United States, and Kazakhstan in 2025. Despite sanctions, some countries continue to purchase Russian oil via pipeline.
Key oil suppliers to the European Union in 2025:
Norway: A top crude oil supplier, providing 15.2% of Europe's petroleum oils in the second quarter of 2025. Norway is a major exporter of oil and natural gas, with a strong focus on European markets.
United States: The U.S. has significantly increased its oil exports to Europe since 2022 to fill the void left by Russia. It supplied 14.2% of Europe's petroleum oils in the second quarter of 2025.
Kazakhstan: This country has a growing role as a supplier, providing 12.7% of Europe's petroleum oils in the second quarter of 2025. Kazakhstan's exports to Europe increased notably between 2023 and 2025.
Middle East: Europe is importing less crude oil from the Middle East compared to previous years. Factors like the Red Sea crisis have increased shipping costs, prompting Europe to turn to suppliers like the U.S. and South America instead. Despite this, the region remains a significant global producer, with Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and other countries still exporting to Europe.
Russia: Imports of Russian crude oil by sea have been banned by the EU since December 2022. However, some landlocked EU states, such as Hungary and Slovakia, continue to receive crude oil via the Druzhba pipeline under a temporary exemption.
Contextual factors influencing Europe's oil imports:
EU sanctions on Russia: The EU has implemented several sanctions packages targeting Russian energy products. This has fundamentally altered Europe's energy landscape, forcing a major and ongoing diversification of suppliers.
Red Sea disruptions: Geopolitical tensions and attacks on shipping in the Red Sea have increased costs for importing oil from the Middle East, making other sources more attractive.
Persistent demand: Despite ambitions to reduce fossil fuel consumption, Europe has largely replaced Russian oil with supplies from other countries rather than cutting overall demand. Road transport usage is back to pre-pandemic levels, and the aviation sector is still a major consumer.