Government Reform / State Exit17 Sep 2023 03:52
Government Reform / State Exit
The Egyptian government – in particular its military – is heavily involved in different sectors of the economy. Does the IMF agreement require any reforms relating to that?
Yes, an important IMF requirement is for the Egyptian state to reduce its footprint in the economy by isolating the most strategic sectors and selling down its assets in the rest of the economy.
According to the IMF, public sector companies, excluding the military-owned ones, amounted to around 16% of the economy in 2018. This figure is likely higher now.
There is less information about the exact size of the military involvement in the economy, but another 10-15% of the economy seems like a fair estimate. Anecdotally, military-owned enterprises are involved in almost everything under the sun: bottled water manufacturing, retail fuel stations, cement production and holiday resort properties.
While there are many other economies where the state accounts for a large share, I think the military's dominance in the private sector is quite unique to Egypt. Not surprisingly, these enterprises are not very efficient and rely heavily on subsidies, tax breaks, procurement advantages and, in the case of the military, free labour by conscripts.
There is also a lack of transparency and accountability of public enterprises. Egypt's government statistics, in general, is actually of quite poor quality - much of it incomplete and significantly lagging. But when it comes to public enterprises, there is very little information at all. IMF also understands this problem, and improving transparency and accountability of public enterprises is, in fact, one other objective of the program.
In the near-term, selling state assets and cutting tax breaks for public enterprises would raise the necessary revenue to service government debts. In the medium-term, retrenchment of the state from the private sector and a level playing field for private enterprises will lead to greater efficiency, higher productivity and higher long-run growth. Egypt has very high potential growth due to a lower starting base and great demographics, i.e. very young population and strong population growth. But to realize this potential, the country needs to be able to create jobs that will absorb the new labour force entrants. A dynamic private sector is a key element of this.
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