Cobalt or Manganese?24 Mar 2017 07:05
Production of EMD from Manganese Ore
The first step in a conventional production flow sheet for converting manganese oxide ore to alkaline
grade electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), which is a high purity product that possesses the ‘recipe
specific’ electrical characteristics desired by battery makers, is a high temperature pyrometallurgical
roast process, wherein the manganese ore is heated to between 800°C and 900°C to reduce it so that it
can then be dissolved in hot sulfuric acid.
Production & Consumption
Currently, 100% of the EMM that is consumed in North America and Europe is imported from other
countries, most notably from China who controls around 95% of the global supply of EMM (producing
around three billion lbs per annum), and from South Africa the only other producer outside of China.
In 2013, Chinese domestic apparent consumption of EMM was reported as 830,000 tonnes per annum
and exports of EMM were reported as 210,000 tonnes per annum. If South Africa’s 30,000 t annual
production capacity is assumed to have been sold outside of China, the rest-of-world (RoW) demand for
EMM in 2013 was estimated at approximately 240,000 tonnes and the global demand as approximately
1.07 mn tonnes.
The USA is the largest consumer of EMD globally at 41%. Currently there is no production of Electrolytic
Manganese in North America so the US is entirely dependent upon imported Manganese. For a long
while American Manganese (AMY.v) was the great white hope for this mineral in North America but
never seemed to get escape velocity and its risibly low grade was ultimately a deal-killer. Interestingly in
line with the zeitgeist, Manganese X intends to have its value-added production sites in the USA.
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
Hallgarten & Company LTD Tel: (44) 1264 334481 Page 5
The biggest corporate news in the space of late was when Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese in Ningxia Hui
Autonomous Region confirmed it had completed construction of a new facility to produce 300,000 tons
of EMM per annum. This is slated to increase Tinyuan's total annual production capacity to 800,000
tons, and the monthly production capacity goes up to 60,000 tons from the existing 35,000 tons.
As the company's production volume comprises 1/3 - 1/2 of China's domestic production volume, the
impact to the market from this increase in the production capacity is potentially big.
As the chart above shows the Manganese market in DSO ore has soared in 2016 and rather stunningly
stands at levels that are the best in at least seven years. This exceeds the years in which iron ore was still
a hotly sought asset. Prices for Australian-sourced Mn ore into China are up 314% since January of this
year according to Argus Metals. The rationale behind these strong prices is that ore and production cuts
are supporting prices. Amongst these developments are:
South32 idling furnaces at its Metalloys operation
ARM idled some furnaces