RE: Inanaco11 May 2020 09:11
Many of the successes in the history of vaccination have been obtained through humoral immunity, or in other words, in diseases in which antibodies where sufficient to provide efficient vaccine-derived protection.1 Common for many of these vaccines and studies thereof were that relatively high antigen doses were required for efficient immunity and sufficient antibody serum titers.2 These vaccines have mainly been directed against acute lytic infections such as smallpox, or other viruses that kill the cells they infect, where successful vaccination requires antibodies to prevent virus entry or cell-to-cell transmission rather than kill infected cells, but also vaccinations directed against bacteria like tetanus and diphtheria, which produce toxins that can be neutralized by antibodies3
In contrast, immunoprophylaxis against persistent or chronic intracellular infections require priming of T cell immunity in addition to humoral immunity, as B cells/antibodies alone cannot protect against these pathogens. When pathogens persist inside cells for a prolonged period without killing the target cells, T cells are needed to kill infected cells before the virus can spread, as these pathogens are inaccessible to antibodies. This is especially true of chronic infections like HIV and hepatitis C virus, as well as malignant cells in cancer patients. Hence, in the design of today’s modern vaccines, there is a lot of focus on T cell responses. Needless to say, the production of antibodies also requires T cell help,4–6 and the level and quality of T cell help can strongly affect the antibody response7 as well as the durability of memory CD8 T cells.8,9
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6422501/
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