Member Info for inanaco

yes GF ... reckon new a assault on 10p .... with a click cluck and a tick tock

good news then because Knowlesi has formed a double act ... I click he clucks ...

just got £800 inc fee at 7.7 took me 1 hr clicking

I see Lammy has taken to the stage again .....

Media

Trying to convince themselves its all over ............

actually the more that the lockdown controls the Virus the better for us, as Covid will be in the news for years .. and it will give us the chance to run trials while the virus is circulating slowly .. a big plus

the negative for those building a narrow focused vaccine ... time allows mutation

your failure to top up Knowlesi was a tactical mistake ,..

you are just jealous of the fact that Diggles did top up at 5.2p ... and took a bit of profit at 8p ...

your greed to get below 3p has caught you out ..

all good mate, i kept adding .. reap what you sow ............. i see Diggles has just trimmed the lawn edges

I heard Knowlesi tried to bury his head in the sand ... after that RNS ... but the Police Kicked him off the beach .. Sad really ...

yes but i would stress that as far as we know that Scancell is looking at the CD4 helper Cd8 route plus antibody production ...
we do not know if the virus is stressed to induce a epitope that could be targeted ....... but if one exists naturally from the thousands of blood sample from infected patients ... then we have the technology to find it ..

they are the rarest of T cells and the most potent

https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/supercentenarians-have-increased-levels-cytotoxic-cd4-t-cells#.XqaXISlKhxs

The most important aspect of the ImmunoBody® technology is the ability to initiate both direct and cross-presentation of epitopes to T cells. There are various pathways by which dendritic cells can process antigen, but the highest avidity T cell responses (i.e., the most potent) are generated if more than one pathway is used to present the same epitope. In the case of ImmunoBody®, the DNA form is taken up and processed directly by dendritic cells whereas the protein form (which is produced from the DNA in cells at the site of the injection) binds to the high affinity Fc receptor on dendritic cells leading to cross-presentation. As a result of both the direct and cross-presentation, the T cells not only have a higher avidity (up to 100-fold increased potency), but there are many more T cells generated against the epitopes of interest.

Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.

Scancells immunobody has solved this ..........

for those new to scancell SCIB2 is being funding by Cancer Research UK ... developed by Scancell and taken through the clinic by CRUK investment arm

versatility .

Immunobody SCIB2 for lung cancer contains 16 targets .....

yes and it can still be incorporated inside the immunobody construct .. we don't need a second vaccine

The suboptimal efficacy of influenza vaccines is further suggested by the finding that in immunized populations, particularly the elderly, 25% to 50% of individuals may contract the disease during the flu season (7, 25, 45).

which is why Scancell Vaccine is of such interest .............

it solves the issue of aging immune systems ...

hence its Flu Immunobody is very active in the older generation .. but it takes a pandemic to bring this point to the Powers that be ....

just a reminder .......

The Immunobody platform is designed for cancer ............... which is 100 times more difficult to treat than a virus ...

The immunobody platform is designed to produce T cells that normally your body rejects because they are to potent ..

Scancell has addressed this by clever design of the vaccine that tricks the T cells to upregulate themselves to potent t cells against very specific targets ...

Very few can achieve this without a host of adjuvants added to a vaccine .

so Scancells approach is the most natural and simplistic ....

Scancells immunology creates Cross Presentation to achieve this ...

The increased risk of an influenza pandemic raises the need for the generation of effective vaccines that will elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses for prevention of infection in the respiratory tract and destruction of virus-infected cells in the body. A prerequisite for the efficacy of any influenza vaccine is its effective uptake at the vaccination site by antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (46). This applies to vaccines that are comprised of inactivated virus, subunit hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine, or a recombinant protein such as HA (7, 45). APC internalize the vaccine and transport it to draining lymph nodes, where they present the immunogenic viral peptides on cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II molecules for activation of virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively (46). Activated CD8+ T cells become cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which destroy infected cells, and activated CD4+ T cells, help virus-specific B cells to produce antiviral antibodies and CD8+ T cells to become CTL. Since the currently used influenza vaccines lack markers that identify them as molecules or particulate material that have to be internalized by APC, the uptake of these vaccines is likely to be suboptimal and to be mediated only by random endocytosis. The suboptimal efficacy of influenza vaccines is further suggested by the finding that in immunized populations, particularly the elderly, 25% to 50% of individuals may contract the disease during the flu season (7, 25, 45).

Inovio DNA vaccine may require adjuvants ... because its a poor platform design .. which is why in cancer it need Il12 to assist..

However if you look at the HPV viral vaccine now in phase 3 the results are poor in that its only marginal better than natural clearance ...

so IMHO i do not rate Inovio's chances against CoVid ... they will struggle with efficacy ... T cells are to weak

scancell does not use whole virus or irradiated virus ...

it extracts the DNA and very specific parts of the DNA that have high Immunogenicity ......... which can be tested outside the body ...

so its very safe from that point ... as the extracted DNA is very unlikely to cause trouble similar to MRNA in that respect ..

but the key is to find that Selected strand and built it into the immunobody construct ...

so even the spike protein can be broken down further to find exactly what the TCR from the t cells bind to ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6147566/

the Edge

Scancells vaccine does not need adjuvants .. the vaccine itself and the way its delivered provides the recipe required around the injection site to slew the t cell response to TH1 ...

TH1 t cells are highly energetic

TH2 t cells are not

its been shown that under extreme viral loads the body is capable of developing its own CD4 killer cell ... (moditope)

no other company has been able to develop a CD4 killer cell ........... its possible that under extreme conditions SIPTM may exist

Precise coordination of cellular processes requires prompt specification of protein function in response to various stimuli. This specification includes regulating protein abundance, localization, catalysis, and binding. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) provide cells the plasticity for dynamic and reversible control of protein function. Viral infections provide an exciting lens through which to study PTMs, since PTMs contribute to both cellular responses to infection and viral hijacking of the host. PTMs enhance the already multifunctional nature of viral proteins and offer another level of functional diversity within limited genetic space. Influenza virus protein functions are fine-tuned by diverse types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, ISGylation, glycosylation, ADP-ribosylation, palmitoylation, and acetylation. All of the major viral proteins are subject to at least one type of PTM.