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Restingpilgrim, since the yttrium oxyfluoride Ti process is Japan patented, the commercial and governmental bias will be in favour of Japan for operational development especially with Australia being such a reliable source for all the feedstock requirements. However the W Australian push towards cheap energy might have a significant impact on the location decision.

Remember, the research I outlined yesterday, was from June 2024, so the Japanese are only a year into assessing the viability of industrial-scale development of this technology, hence my designation of it as an emergent technology.

AGEOS

Jeligknight, thanks for response.

Yttrium is one of the nine heavy rare earth elements [HREE] and is not 'rare' in the sense that it exists at an abundance of 24ppm in the earths crustal rocks as compared to 0.0031ppm for gold. Although on the USA critical mineral list due to its use in military communications devices and guided weapons systems, and in a variety of high-tech industries, there is an over-supply globally as it is a relatively abundant component in many REE mining operations.

I don't have any specific knowledge of availability in Japan where the yttrium oxyfluoride Ti processing I outlined yesterday would no doubt be based, but in Australia the obvious source is the monazite and xenotime to be processed at the Iluka Resources REE refinery currently under development at Eneabba [next door to Pitfield] and one of few such facilities globally able to produce both light and heavy REE oxides. It has been mentioned on this BB before due to the A$1.65 billion government loan towards its construction.

Yttrium quality is not an issue; it is an element.

Hope that answers your question.

AGEOS.

Continuation:

The main problem with titanium is the strength of that bond with oxygen; it costs a lot in terms of energy to separate the Ti from the O2 in that TiO2 [Titanium dioxide] molecule. The currently favoured method for industrial scale Ti metal production is the energy intensive and therefore very costly Kroll process, involving a reaction of carbon and chlorine with TiO2 oxide ore to produce oxygen free titanium tetrachloride [TiCl4] which is then reduced with magnesium to produce high purity metallic Ti. However, this metallic titanium still retains around 500 ppm [parts per million, mass] of oxygen which is fine for most structural application of titanium for which the upper limit is around 1000ppm, but may be critical for more specialised applications.

However this recent [June 2024] research based on use of yttrium, which bonds strongly with oxygen, and fluorine, to produce yttrium oxyfluoride, in a specially designed cold-crucible,induction melting furnace, has been demonstrated to produce titanium metal with an average oxygen content of less than 200 ppm and as low as 110 ppm. This methodology has been incorporated into a conceptual smelting process employing an industrial-scale plasma arc furnace, in which titanium ore, or TiO2, is processed with a reductant [scrap aluminium and magnesium] plus a flux [calcium oxide], then subjected to the deoxidation process using yttrium [or an equivalent] and casting as low-oxygen titanium ingots.

The following quotes from the June 2024 published research findings emphasis the potential significance of these developments.

“In the future, this method has the potential to become a new technique for producing Ti, thereby offering an alternative to the Kroll process, the current standard for Ti mass production. “

“If high-purity metallic Ti can be directly produced utilizing abundant Ti ores and Al scrap, the potential for cost-effective mass production of Ti arises. This would open the door to the widespread utilization of Ti products. The findings of the current work can develop the process technology to transform Ti into a widely used base metal, thereby facilitating its broad adoption across various sectors of society. “

It would not surprise me if EEE are already in communication with the Japanese commercial holders of the patents to this technology, presumed to be registered by the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo. The high grade, low contaminant, TiO2 from Pitfield is probably the ideal resource for such a process.

AGEOS

NB 10 green boxes already today, so this will soon be buried I presume.

Manlord's all encompassing revue, yesterday, provides the context for introducing a further “emerging TiO2 technology” which I excluded from my 22.06.2025 summary due to the complexity of the subject. However, seeing dollar42's link [11.24 yesterday] to an EcoNews article which includes reference to this, it prompts me to enlarge on what could be a highly significant technological development for the future of the TiO2 industry and of EEE in particular.

The EcoNews July 3rd 2025 article unfortunately conflates two parallel and independent lines of fundamental materials research and consequently is highly misleading as well as being inaccurate in detail.

Of the two lines of research referred to in the article, that which relates to “Photovoltaics” and which I summarised as such in my 22.06. posts, is based on research undertaken at the Ritsumeikan University, Japan, which was first published in 'Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells' October 2024 but pre-released to the media September 2024 in Photo-Voltaics Magazine. That initial peer-reviewed report by Kobayashi T et al details an improvement in the operational efficiency of TiO2/Se [Titanium dioxide/ Selenium] photovoltaic devices to provide a maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.49%. Such devices were first developed in 1985/6 by Nakada & Kunioka as thin-film solar cells which were used as colour sensors and power meters.

This latest research will contribute to further enhancement of optoelectric, piezoelectronic and thermoelectronic devices. How the media turned this into hundreds of articles claiming “Japanese produce first Titanium solar panels 1000 times more powerful ...” is beyond me. However, I suspect someone started the misinformation tsunami by conflating this research with that from the ML University Germany, which in 2021 reported advances in ferroelectric solar cell development which “increased electrical current flow by a factor of a 1000”. [Ref: German Fed. Ministry for Economic Affairs & Energy Report]. That does not mean it is a 1000x more powerful than a silicon based solar cell or any other type of cell.

Now to the other line of research mentioned in the EcoNews article, the use of Yttrium [one of several elements in use] in the deoxygenation of titanium metal, which has a research history of over 20 years but only recently has that research advanced to the stage where the feasibility of industrial scale application to significantly reduce the cost of titanium refining appears possible. This has enormous potential significance as an emergent technology for the TiO2 industry and consequently may be an important factor in current EEE strategic planning.

To be continued

Gajiemo and MrYFronts, having just re-read the 12.06.2024 RNS, I see that on page 9 under “Density” there is, as you correctly indicate, reference to an “estimated 2.23 g/cm3 for the weathered zone sandstone and 3.10 g/cm3 for the fresh bedrock sandstone”, based on 16 samples from four holes, two at Cosgrove and two at Thomas. I must admit to not having made note of this as my previous estimate of 2.7 sp gr for the weathered zone had been based on an earlier technical report detailing the mineralogy and from comparison with the Yandanooka and Durack mineral sand deposits, a few kilometres to the west, thought to be derived from the Pitfield base-rock source. At that time the Pitfield saprolite was also thought to include weathered components from the Beaconsfield Conglomerate which includes high sp gr components from the adjacent Mulingarra Gneiss.

However, that apart, if we accept 2.23 as the sp gr for the saprolite than the 0.3 sq km initial area has a resource of 35,640,000 tonnes and the 11.4 sq km area a projected resource of 1.354 billion tonnes assuming continuity of metrics from the initial area, throughout.

Thanks for identifying the error but don't lose sight of the context The saprolite probably extends over 100's of sq km.

AGEOS

The preservation of products from a minimum 20 million year period of deep chemical weathering is of extremely rare occurrence anywhere and at any time in Earth history. Even if formed, such unconsolidated surface deposits are very vulnerable to erosion and therefore removal by wind and water. In this part of W Australia subsequent to the saprolite formation, Oligocene-Pliocene age [34-2.5 million yrs] river erosion appears to have been largely east of a N-S aligned watershed line thereby leaving the Pitfield area largely unscathed. Only one such palaeo-river channel, that of the Yarra Yarra, impinges on the Pitfield region, passing N to S through the lakeland area of that name immediately south of Three Springs. This palaeo-channel is 4-5km to the east of the Thomas and Cosgrove Prospects and is known to be filled with up to 70m of Miocene-Pliocene age sediments strongly suggesting that the channel was cut through that thickness of saprolite down to the bedrock.

All of this and more will have been known by the EEE geologists who devised the Thomas drill program, which will have been further verified by auger sampling and resistivity survey of the 11.4 sq km target area, so we can be assured of a very high probability of continuity of mineralisation and grade comparable with that of the initial survey area. From a geological perspective the prospect of a highly favourable MRE assessment is as near 100% as one could hope for.

AGEOS

The impending MRE which will focus on the Thomas Prospect in the south is rightly anticipated to be an important step towards commercialisation of the Pitfield TiO2 resource. Understandably, since the 11.4sq km area to be assessed is substantially greater than the 0.3sq km area previously drilled and assayed, it would be right to question the presumption that the TiO2 grades and continuity of mineralisation found in the initial exploration area will necessarily be replicated throughout the greater area. As detailed in my post of 03.06.2025 if the weathered cap in the 0.3sq km area has a proven ore resource of 43,740,000 tonnes then the 11.4sq km area should yield 1.662 billion tonnes [ Members/AGEOS for access to previous posts].

What most investors will not appreciate is that there are very sound geologically based reasons for assuming a high probability that the mineralogy and continuity of the deposits within the initial area will be consistent throughout most if not all of the greater area. The following may assist in understanding those reasons.

The rocks [mainly sandstones and associated sedimentary rocks] from which the mineralised TiO2-enriched weathered cap deposits [saprolite] are derived, were first formed between 1000-1300 million years ago and then subsequently compressed into the current synclinal form. Hydrothermal mineralisation introducing copper, iron and titanium probably occurred around 790 million years ago. A continental ice sheet 3-5km thick planed off the land surface 280 million years ago and further but minor erosion reduced the landscape to something approaching what we see today, by around 60 million years ago [ie end of the Cretaceous] There then follows a period of at least 20 million years [during the Eocene] when most of the deep weathering of the now at-surface exposed titanite enriched host-rocks was completed. A distinctive lateritic [iron enriched] layer which probably formed between 38-25 million years ago [Oligocene] lies locally on top of the weathered saprolite thus providing an upper age limit for the weathering process.

TBC

Nice1, whilst it is correct to emphasise the significance of the size of the Pitfield Prospect as being defined as 40km x 8km x 5km maximum depth, it is important to understand that these dimensions are derived from a Magnetics/Gravity 3D Model which is assumed to be a proxy for the extent of Titanite mineralisation within what is a larger Mineral Province known as the Yandanooka Basin, which also contains copper and other mineralisation.

The TiO2 mineralisation which is the current focus of EEE commercialisation is confined to surface deposits of anatase/rutile derived from natural weathering of titanite, deposits which are, as far as current exploration has shown, limited to the Cosgrove [0.3sq km proven] and Thomas [0.3sq km proven; 11.4sq km current drilling] properties, but probably continuous between the two. Similar deposits may also occur in the Mount Scratch area to the north.

Mining of these surface deposits does not entail open-pit mining on a scale remotely comparable with the examples you cite.

If you wish to understand these issues more clearly and do not wish to read my historical contributions explaining this in detail [accessible via members/AGEOS] the company website via operations/Pitfield provides a summary and map showing the project in regional context. Note also in fig 2 that the 'Magnetics Anomaly' occupies only a third of the EEE licenced area which includes most of the Yandanooka Basin.

Hope that helps clarify the issues.

AGEOS

My thanks to all those who expressed appreciation of yesterday's contributions.

Also to LSE management for acknowledging ownership of the 'Product Testwork' glitch. They assure me that “titanium-sl*g” will be allowable in future.

Photovoltaics or PVC's, are applications which include solar cells, solar panels otherwise known as photovoltaic modules, and DSSC's [dye-sensitized solar panels] previously mentioned, which convert solar heat into electrical energy. A hybrid photovoltaic–thermal collector (PVT) may produce electrical and thermal energy simultaneously by combining and optimizing dual types of solar and thermal energy extraction systems, which is more efficient than most solar cells.. 

The prospect of “transparent photovoltaic cells” using TiO2 and NiO [nickel oxide] which could be integrated into glass and comparable materials is a further potential application.

Rechargeable battery technology may be enhanced in future application of TiO2 nanoparticles in the form of nanotubes, to replace graphite in lithium ion batteries and dramatically increase the life span of such batteries. Although the rutile phase of TiO2 has been used to date, the anatase phase may also be applicable especially if further improvement in rechargeable battery design leads to post-lithium technology and superior performance.

Noise absorption applications include TiO2 nano-particles incorporated into a sound-insulation material for the walls and floors of theatres, studios and other public spaces, which has been developed by the paper industry and may have much wider applications as in vehicle interiors.

TiO2 nanomaterials incorporated into the surface layers of concrete tunnel walls, and other concrete structures, contributes to noise absorption whilst also facilitating nitrous oxide removal by photocatalysis.

These are just some of the many new and emergent technologies which employ the special properties of TiO2 nano crystalline and nano-material products which may feature in the ongoing development of the Pitfield TiO2 Prospect. Products for the TiO2 pigment and TiO2 sponge/metal markets will inevitably dominate but those for emergent technologies may play an increasingly important role in future years.

AGEOS

The above example is perhaps sufficient to illustrate what is a considerable range of complex and specialised applications for anatase derived TiO2 products so without delving further into technical detail it will hopefully be sufficient just to list some of the many other novel industrial applications, both in use and currently under development.

All of the applications listed under the following three headings appear to be based on photocatalysis, the phenomenon whereby the UV component of sunlight triggers an electrochemical reaction which releases free radicals from the TiO2 nanomaterial, which decompose pollutants and inactivate microorganisms.

Self-cleaning and decontamination coatings

Of huge potential with a global market for application to glass, cement, textiles and appliances based on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 nano compounds.

Self cleaning coatings and construction materials can be used for exterior surfaces to buildings [ ie tiles, natural stone, brick and concrete], tunnel walls, bridges, pavements etc. Likewise for building interiors [floors, walls and ceilings] including work surfaces. Also coatings for vehicle surfaces, external lighting covers and the covers and screens of electronic appliances etc.

Self-sterilizing coatings

Photocatalytic TiO2 antimicrobial disinfection coatings have been developed to kill a wide range of viruses, bacteria and fungi and are generally three time more effective than chlorine. They can be used for ceramic tiles, sanitary wares, floorings, walls and work surfaces in hospitals etc.

Air and water purification

Photocatalysis induced by TiO2 based coatings or materials results in the rapid conversion of nitrogen oxides into harmless soluble nitrate salts which can be removed from a surface by rainfall. The TiO2-based coatings are not consumed or degraded in the process so are long lasting and so if applied to buildings, pavements and streets city-wide can improve air quality significantly.

Photocatalytic cleaning of air in homes, offices, factories and public buildings can also be achieved by appropriate TiO2-based technology. .Purification of river and ground water likewise.

TBC

Most of the more significant new technologies relate to the the properties of nano-scale TiO2 derivatives and especially of the nano-crystalline form as opposed to amorphous or poorly crystalline nanoparticles. The unusual physico-chemical properties of crystalline nanomaterials render them highly versatile and desirable for a wide range of technological applications. An indication of the potential importance of TiO2 derived nanomaterials from an anatase ore in Ti-emergent technologies is the statement from Guizhou University researchers that “TiO2 derivatives from anatase are superior to those from rutile in nano-photocatalysis applications” an observation based on pre-2013 research which in the decade since has expanded hugely. Anatase has the same generalised chemical formula as rutile, up to now the main source of TiO2 for applications other than the paint/pigment industries, but TiO2 derived from anatase and rutile are not the same. There are differences in the physical properties of the crystalline textures which influence the suitability of the two TiO2 products for specific applications. For example both rutile and anatase crystalline TiO2 phases strongly absorb photon energy in the ultraviolet [UV] range but the greater band-gap of energy absorption in anatase favours its use as the photoanode nanoparticle material in DSSC's [Dye-sensitized solar cells] DSSC's, thin-film solar cells, are an emerging technology with potential in power generation, integrated building design, flexible electronics etc

The applications to which anatase TiO2 derived nano-crystalline products can be preferentially applied are extremely diverse and include such extremes as anatase titania quantum dots [QD's] with tunable properties, which can now be synthesised in scalable quantities in powder or thin-film form for use in photocatalytic, optoelectronic and energy storage applications, all with potentially significant global markets. TiO2 QD's are exceptionally small but with high surface to volume ratio resulting from the tetragonal nano-crystalline [crystalite] structure and exhibit remarkable quantum activity. The anatase titania QD is particularly suitable for photocatalysis and solar energy applications due to superior electron mobility relative to rutile QD's and has enhanced optical properties compared to those from bulk TiO2 usage. This application, specific to anatase titania QD's is at an evolving industrial scalability stage but will likely be part of EEE's potential product market.[Ref: Advanced Materials & Devices 2025]

TBC

Sixth paragraph from 28.08.2024:

Although the CSIRO/Iluka research project chose the Brazilian carbonatite associated anatase ore deposits for comparison, as is replicated in the EEE RNS, research into the potential

commercialisation of the Chinese Shazi deposit appears to me to be of special relevance and significance. Researchers at Guizhou University and Institute of Technology, who are working on the project, state that “TiO2 derivatives from anatase are superior to those from rutile in nano-photocatalysis applications”, and therefore “the deposit is of great economic significance” to China in the development of new and future technologies. Those applications include self-cleaning materials for any surface, glass, metal, plastic, fabric etc required to be kept clean, disinfected or sterilized; air and water purification, and soundproofing in every environment imaginable. Without expanding on the technological details, which I could do at length, it would be surprising if the Australian Government did not have a similar strategic view regarding the Pitfield anatase deposit.

NB For clarification the 2.3billion tonne Shazi 'saprolitic' type deposit is not a rival to Pitfield as there are formidable metallurgical difficulties in extracting the TiO2 due to a complex mineralogy.

The most important implications for the future of the Pitfield TiO2 Project arising from this are the clear evidence of research based involvement of CSIRO [at least 5 staff to my knowledge in 2019] in assessment of anatase ores and consequently also the potential of the Australian Government in supporting the development of new industrial applications. Those applications include not only the existing high value paint/pigment and titanium-alloy aerospace/defence industries, which will probably remain the most important markets for TiO2 future use, but a considerable range of new technologies many of which are only possible due to the physical properties specific to anatase and which are the main focus of what follows.

Before enlarging on those new technologies it is worth emphasising that collectively they will be a significant consideration in discussions between Empire, CSIRO and other government agencies regarding the strategic development of Pitfield as they offer the potential for an extension of the national industrial base into novel high value technologies. At c6.10mins into the 10.06.2025 Total Market Solutions interview SB confirmed recent and on-going discussions with federal government, specifically with reference to the Critical Minerals Development fund, and in several interviews has described the breadth of options in product development and their potential applications.

TBC

Ten months ago, on 28.08.2024 to be precise, I posted a lengthy note entitled “Pitfield Anatase Resource” which began “The most recent RNS confirming high purity anatase as the principal TiO2 component of the weathered cap at Pitfield has a significance which ….appears not to be understood by investors....” I then outlined some of the implications associated with the preponderance of anatase especially in regard to its significance within both the Australian and global TiO2 market context. Although the content of that post elicited no meaningful response, subsequent developments and especially the recent confirmation of a 99.25% TiO2 product and its implications for industrial applications, have begun to confirm the significance I attempted to convey. Before expanding on that significance which is now even more timely and relevant, I have copied some of the content of that 28.08.2024 post below to provide background and context for my additional comment. [Historical posts can be accessed via Members/AGEOS]

Second paragraph from 28.08.2024:

During 2018 the Mineral Resources Division of CSIRO [The Australian national “Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation”] and Perth-based Iluka Resources, the world's largest producer of natural rutile [important source of highest grade TiO2], initiated a research program to define the criteria necessary for exploiting anatase ores as potential feedstock for pigment and titanium metal production. At that time no anatase ores were known from Australia, Pitfield not having been identified as such, and known rutile reserves on the continent, largely restricted to environmentally sensitive mineral sands, were decreasing as were similar resources globally. Essentially they were evaluating anatase as a substitute for natural rutile, but based largely on evidence from preliminary test work on known anatase deposits in Brazil, China, Russia and Mongolia. Impetus for this research was also stated to be derived from a 2017 US Critical Mineral Report which identified anatase deposits as likely to be “of great importance in the near future”. [ref Woodruff et al USGS Titanium].

Third paragraph from 28.08.2024:

The results of that research program are, in part at least, clearly identifiable within this latest EEE RNS, CSIRO having also contributed the microprobe data for the Pitfield samples [ref pages 6/7]. The importance of CSIRO involvement cannot be over-emphasised as it is indicative of governmental commitment and potential financial support as evidenced by Iluka's parallel development of Australia's first fully integrated rare-earth refinery at Eneabba, in partnership with government backed by a AUS$1.25 billion state loan.

TBC

Original version

The 09.06.2025 RNS reporting “Exceptional High-Purity TiO2 Product” was understandably well received by the 'market' as a 99.25% TiO2 product extremely low in impurities opens the door to commercialisation of the Pitfield anatase ore for titanium sponge metal and TiO2 pigment production. Interestingly, but not commented on by anyone to my knowledge, was that this was achieved utilising a variant of the sulphate process, a process largely phased out of usage in the 'west', mainly for negative environmental and cost reasons, in favour of the chloride process, but still employed in China and Russia.

The sulphate process when applied to ilmenite [FeTiO3] and titanium-sl*g, the two most important initial raw materials for TiO2 product intended for pigment production, results in large quantities of iron-sulphate and dilute acid [< 23% sulphuric acid], which requires further processing at very high energy cost, to produce iron and concentrated sulphuric acid suitable for re-use in the sulphate process. It appears that the modified sulphate process applied to the Pitfield anatase ore avoids these issues and is highly beneficial and appropriate, as the low ferric iron content is readily reducible to the easily removable ferrous state and the sulphuric acid is recoverable from the hydrolysis stage, in a form suitable for recycling.

This is an example of how the unique mineralogy of the anatase-rich saprolitic weathered-cap ore of Pitfield has the potential to transform both the supply-side and future direction of the Titanium industry. As SB said “this is the tip of the ice-berg for product development”; “we now have to produce 'tickle'” by which he meant titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, feedstock for most metal production. TiCl4 is usually produced from natural rutile, synthetic rutile or titanium-sl*g using the chloride process, so since anatase is mineralogically similar to rutile, the Pitfield ore should respond to comparable processing without difficulty. The ultimate end product would be 'rotor-grade' titanium sponge, >99.7% Ti premium quality, as used for rotating engine parts in the aerospace industry, although there are several lower grades of comparable value in use throughout industry. Results of testwork on TiCl4 production may be the next major revelation in product development, with potential for further significant gain in company valuation.

Successful application of variants of both the sulphate and chloride processes will open up a comprehensive range of potential products derived from the Pitfield anatase ore, suitable for many applications throughout the existing Titanium industries. The special characteristics of anatase derived products will however also open up the possibility of applications in a great variety of new technologies, especially at the nano-scale, which will be the subject of additional posts.

AGEOS

Wigster77 thanks for that. The same thing happened to part of a post on March 18th and having just looked it over is see the offending word was “co*rse”. This mornings offence was obviously “sl*g”. Hadn't occurred to me that an editorial system could be set up to penalise such 'offences' by removing capital letters in retribution. How utterly perverse and I will inform LSE so. Meanwhile more posts to follow. Thanks again.

I see that LSE has mangled my last post by removing all capital letters and chemical formuli so I will resubmit it later when their system appears functional.

the 09.06.2025 rns reporting “exceptional high-purity tio2 product” was understandably well received by the 'market' as a 99.25% tio2 product extremely low in impurities opens the door to commercialisation of the pitfield anatase ore for titanium sponge metal and tio2 pigment production. interestingly, but not commented on by anyone to my knowledge, was that this was achieved utilising a variant of the sulphate process, a process largely phased out of usage in the 'west', mainly for negative environmental and cost reasons, in favour of the chloride process, but still employed in china and russia.

the sulphate process when applied to ilmenite [fetio3] and titanium-****, the two most important initial raw materials for tio2 product intended for pigment production, results in large quantities of iron-sulphate and dilute acid [< 23% sulphuric acid], which requires further processing at very high energy cost, to produce iron and concentrated sulphuric acid suitable for re-use in the sulphate process. it appears that the modified sulphate process applied to the pitfield anatase ore avoids these issues and is highly beneficial and appropriate, as the low ferric iron content is readily reducible to the easily removable ferrous state and the sulphuric acid is recoverable from the hydrolysis stage, in a form suitable for recycling.

this is an example of how the unique mineralogy of the anatase-rich saprolitic weathered-cap ore of pitfield has the potential to transform both the supply-side and future direction of the titanium industry. as sb said “this is the tip of the ice-berg for product development”; “we now have to produce 'tickle'” by which he meant titanium tetrachloride, ticl4, feedstock for most metal production. ticl4 is usually produced from natural rutile, synthetic rutile or titanium-**** using the chloride process, so since anatase is mineralogically similar to rutile, the pitfield ore should respond to comparable processing without difficulty. the ultimate end product would be 'rotor-grade' titanium sponge, >99.7% ti premium quality, as used for rotating engine parts in the aerospace industry, although there are several lower grades of comparable value in use throughout industry. results of testwork on ticl4 production may be the next major revelation in product development, with potential for further significant gain in company valuation.

successful application of variants of both the sulphate and chloride processes will open up a comprehensive range of potential products derived from the pitfield anatase ore, suitable for many applications throughout the existing titanium industries. the special characteristics of anatase derived products will however also open up the possibility of applications in a great variety of new technologies, especially at the nano-scale, which will be the subject of additional posts.

ageos

TitanKnight, for someone who professes to find communicating difficult, your contribution today exceeds every other expression of appreciation I've ever read on this or any other BB in 20 years. I've devoted a long life to acquiring and sharing knowledge, and although every post on here is preceded by thoughts of 'am I wasting my time' I remind myself that maybe 'a few amongst the many' may find my efforts of value. Your words will for ever remain in my mind. Thank you and best wishes for the future.

AGEOS

My thanks to all those who have expressed their appreciation of my contributions. I assume from the juxtaposition of green boxes that some contrary views exist so the positive comments are welcome encouragement.

AGEOS