Hedges8 Sep 2022 13:29
I wanted to write a "short" piece on hedging as I think it is misunderstood by many. There are a lot of comments that we should "restructure it" etc. Let's look at what that means.
When you take out a hedge you are entering into a contract to exchange something in the future for a pre-defined price. There are lots of different types of hedging contract one could enter into, with Futures, Forwards and Options all being available.
The simplest of these to understand is a forward contract. This might take the form of a contract with a bank to sell 30,000 barrels of oil per month for $60 a barrel. Assuming this is cash settled, at the end of a month 3 things could happen:
- the price of oil could be exactly $60: neither the oil producer and the bank need to pay the other party anything.
- the price of oil could be lower than $60. Lets say the price is $50. The bank would need to pay the producer $10 a barrel x 30,000 barrels = $300,000. That way, after selling 30,000 on the open market for $50 and after getting this payment from the bank, the producer has received $60 a barrel for each of those 30,000 barrels.
- the price of oil could be higher than $60. Lets say the price is $70. The producer would need to pay the producer $10 a barrel x 30,000 barrels = $30,000. That way, after selling 30,000 on the open market for $70 and after paying the bank, the producer has received $60 a barrel for each of those 30,000 barrels.
We all have perfect 20/20 hindsight and know COPL should not have entered into these hedges! But as a treasurer (me), or CFO (Ryan) they are a very sensible thing to put in place and we as shareholders should expect sensible financial risk management. Remember, only 2 years ago, oil futures went negative!
Right so we know our hedges are costing us money versus today's spot price - what can we do?
We have 2 choices - ride them out (continue selling oil at the hedge price); or buy out the hedges.
I don't need to tell you what happens if we ride them out as it's as simple as continuing to recognise revenue at the hedged price.
How would we buy them out and what would it cost? The bank that wrote the contract could be asked for a price to buy the contract out. They would look at the forward curve of oil prices which might show prices drifting from $100 a barrel to $90 over the next 3 years, look at the gross cash flow they'd receive, discount it by a bit and that would be the price. In real terms the amount paid should equal the net present value of the future cash outflows under the contract, based on the best estimate of future oil prices. That could be a big up front payment to make.
The main reason to buy it out now would be to recognise the cost of the buy-out as an exceptional one off cost (cash only - remember we have booked the hedge loss in our income statement already) and then to move forwards with much healthier revenues. This would be worth it in my opinion, but don't underestimate the cos