Steel, an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon, is a cornerstone commodity in global manufacturing and construction. Its exceptional strength, durability, and versatility make it indispensable in various industries, including automotive, construction, infrastructure, and machinery. Steel finds applications in buildings, bridges, ships, and consumer goods due to its adaptability to different forms and processing methods. Primary production involves iron ore and coal, with major steel-producing countries including China, India, and Japan.