HSBC Holdings Regulatory News (HSBA)

30 OCTOBER 2023

HSBC HOLDINGS PLC

3Q23 EARNINGS RELEASE

Noel Quinn, Group Chief Executive, said:

"We have had three consecutive quarters of strong financial performance and are on track to achieve our mid-teens return on tangible equity target for 2023. There was good broad-based growth across all businesses and geographies, supported by the interest rate environment. Our Wealth business also gained further traction, attracting $34bn of net new invested assets in the quarter and growing wealth balances by 12% compared with last year. We are pleased to again reward our shareholders. We have now announced three share buy-backs in 2023 totalling up to $7bn, as well as three quarterly dividends which total $0.30 per share. This underlines the substantial distribution capacity that we have, even as we continue to invest in growth."

Financial performance (3Q23 vs. 3Q22)

- Profit before tax rose by $4.5bn to $7.7bn, reflecting the positive impact of a higher interest rate environment. The increase was in part due to a $2.3bn impairment in 3Q22 relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France, of which $2.1bn was reversed in 1Q23 as the completion of the transaction became less certain. We now expect to reclassify these operations to held for sale in 4Q23, at which point the impairment would be reinstated. On a constant currency basis, profit before tax increased by $4.6bn to $7.7bn. Reported profit after tax increased by $3.6bn to $6.3bn.

- Revenue increased by $4.7bn or 40% to $16.2bn, as the higher interest rate environment supported growth in net interest income in all of our global businesses, and non-interest income increased. On a constant currency basis, revenue rose by 40% to $16.2bn.

- Non-interest income increased by $3.4bn or 97% to $6.9bn primarily due to the non-recurrence of the impairment relating to the sale of our retail banking operations in France referred to above. The increase also included a rise in the revenue offset driven by higher central costs of funding Global Banking and Markets ('GBM') trading activity. These increases were partly offset by disposal losses of $0.6bn relating to repositioning and risk management activities in our hold-to-collect-and-sell portfolio in certain key legal entities. On a constant currency basis, non-interest income rose by 93% to $6.9bn.

- Net interest margin ('NIM') of 1.70% increased by 19 basis points ('bps') compared with 3Q22, and decreased by 2bps compared with 2Q23, notably reflecting an increase in customers migrating their deposits to term products, particularly in Asia.

- Expected credit losses and other credit impairment charges ('ECL') of $1.1bn were broadly in line with 3Q22. The 3Q23 charge primarily comprised stage 3 charges, including $0.5bn relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China.

- Operating expenses of $8.0bn were $0.2bn or 2% higher than in 3Q22. The growth was primarily due to higher technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation and an increase in the performance-related pay accrual. These increases were partly offset by lower restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme at the end of 2022.

- Customer lending balances decreased by $24bn compared with 2Q23. On a constant currency basis, lending balances decreased by $5bn, reflecting a reduction in Commercial Banking ('CMB') as demand in Asia remained muted, although mortgage balances in Wealth and Personal Banking ('WPB') were higher, notably in Asia and the UK.

- Customer accounts decreased by $33bn compared with 2Q23. On a constant currency basis, customer accounts were stable.

- Common equity tier 1 ('CET1') capital ratio of 14.9% increased by 0.2 percentage points compared with 2Q23, driven by capital generation and lower risk-weighted assets ('RWAs'), partly offset by the dividend accrual and the share buy-back announced at 2Q23.

- The Board has approved a third interim dividend of $0.10 per share. We also intend to initiate a further share buy-back of up to $3bn, which we expect to commence shortly and complete by our 2023 full-year results announcement on 21 February 2024. This is expected to have a 0.4 percentage point impact on our CET1 capital ratio.

- From 1 January 2023, we adopted IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts', which replaced IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts'. Comparative data have been restated. For further details of our adoption of IFRS 17, see page 4.

Financial performance (9M23 vs. 9M22)

- Profit before tax increased by $17.4bn to $29.4bn, reflecting a continued benefit from higher interest rates. The increase was in part due to a $2.3bn impairment in 9M22 relating to the planned disposal of our retail banking operations in France, of which $2.1bn was reversed in 9M23 as the sale became less certain. In addition, in 9M23 we recognised a provisional gain of $1.6bn on the acquisition of Silicon Valley Bank UK Limited ('SVB UK'). On a constant currency basis, profit before tax increased by $17.8bn to $29.4bn. Profit after tax increased by $12.7bn to $24.3bn.

- Revenue increased by $17.0bn or 47% to $53.0bn, including the favourable impact of the transactions referred to above. The increase also reflected a $6.1bn rise in net interest income, with growth in all of our global businesses. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased by 51% to $53bn.

- NIM of 1.70% increased by 37bps compared with 9M22.

- ECL were $2.4bn, compared with charges of $2.2bn in 9M22. Both periods included allowances relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China, which were $0.8bn in 9M23. The charge in 9M22 benefited from releases of Covid-19-related allowances. ECL charges were 32bps of average gross loans, including loans and advances classified as held for sale.

- Operating expenses decreased by $0.5bn or 2% to $23.4bn, mainly due to lower restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme at the end of 2022. This was partly offset by higher technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation, an increase in performance-related pay accrual, and severance costs of $0.2bn. Target basis operating expenses rose by $1.1bn or 5%.

Outlook

- We remain committed to targeting a return on average tangible equity ('RoTE') in the mid-teens for 2023 and 2024, which excludes the impact of material acquisitions and disposals.

- We continue to expect net interest income in 2023 to be above $35bn, and the funding costs reported in net interest income that are used to generate trading and fair value income to be in excess of $7bn.

As interest rates have increased, we have taken actions to manage our exposure to the changing interest rate environment. During 3Q23, Markets Treasury incurred disposal losses of $0.6bn relating to repositioning and risk management activities. These actions are accretive to net interest income and reduce the consumption of the Group's financial resources. We expect to continue these activities into 4Q23, and incur further losses of approximately $0.4bn. The losses associated with these disposals are already recognised in equity in the 'debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income' reserve, and do not materially impact our CET1 capital.

- We continue to expect ECL charges of around 40bps of average gross loans in 2023 (including lending balances transferred to held for sale). We continue to monitor risks related to our exposures in mainland China's commercial real estate sector closely, and there remains a degree of uncertainty in the forward economic outlook, particularly in the UK. Over the medium to long term, we continue to use a range of 30bps to 40bps of average gross loans for planning our ECL charges.

- Reported operating expenses in 9M23 fell by 2% compared with 9M22. Against our cost target basis of around 3% growth in 2023 compared with 2022 (2022: $29.8bn), we now expect an additional increase of approximately 1% due to increased technology and operations expenditure, which we no longer expect to mitigate. We will also consider a potential increase in performance-related pay based on the out-turn of our performance and ongoing execution of our strategy in 4Q23, which would result in a further rise of around 1% in our operating expenses.

Our cost target basis of around 3% growth excludes the incremental costs due to the impact of acquiring SVB UK and related international investments, which we continue to expect will add approximately 1% to the Group's cost base in 2023. Our cost target basis is measured on a constant currency basis and excludes notable items and the impact of retranslating the results of hyperinflationary economies at constant currency. For further details, see page 4.

- We intend to manage the CET1 ratio within our medium-term target range of 14% to 14.5%, and we aim to manage this range down in the long term. In addition, our dividend payout ratio is 50% for 2023 and 2024, excluding material notable items. We have announced a third interim dividend of $0.10 per share and intend to initiate a further share buy-back of up to $3bn, which we expect to commence shortly and complete by our 2023 full-year results announcement on 21 February 2024. Further buy-backs will be subject to appropriate capital levels.

Presentation to investors and analysts

HSBC Holdings plc will be conducting a trading update conference call with analysts and investors today to coincide with the publication of its Earnings Release. The call will take place at 07.45am GMT. Details of how to participate in the call and the live audio webcast can be found at www.hsbc.com/investors.

About HSBC

HSBC Holdings plc, the parent company of HSBC, is headquartered in London. HSBC serves customers worldwide from offices in 62 countries and territories. With assets of $3,021bn at 30 September 2023, HSBC is one of the world's largest banking and financial services organisations.

Business highlights

Our strategy

HSBC's purpose is 'Opening up a world of opportunity'. Our strategy aims to deliver against our purpose and our ambition of being the preferred international financial partner for our clients. It has four key pillars:

- focus on our strengths - investing in the areas where we see significant opportunities for growth;

- digitise at scale - increasing our investment in technology to improve how we serve customers and increase efficiency;

- energise for growth - building a strong culture, introducing simpler ways of working, and by equipping staff with the future skills they need; and

- transition to net zero - becoming a net zero bank and helping our customers capture the opportunities presented by the transition to a net zero future.

Our strategy is based on transforming our business and services to customers to create a strengthened platform for enhanced growth and returns on a sustainable basis. Our strong performance in the 9M23 period demonstrates our broad-based profit generation around the world and our diversified business model, supported by increased interest rates. We have continued to make improvements to our business across geographies, products and services to help ensure we create value in the future and deliver strong returns for our investors.

In 9M23, we delivered a reported profit before tax of $29.4bn, an increase of $17.4bn compared with 9M22, and a RoTE of 19.7%, or 17.1% excluding strategic transactions. We have now also announced three share buy-backs in 2023, totalling up to $7bn, as well as three interim dividends totalling $0.30 per ordinary share.

We remain focused on investing and growing in our areas of strength. We have continued to demonstrate progress in executing our wealth strategy, notably in Asia. Wealth balances at 30 September 2023 were $1.6tn, excluding balances held for sale, an increase of 12% compared with the same period in the previous year. Within this, we attracted net new invested assets of $67bn in the first nine months of 2023, around half of which was achieved in 3Q23, with $42bn booked in Asia. In addition, our insurance business in Hong Kong continued to grow with insurance manufacturing new business contractual service margin increasing by 40% in 9M23 to $1.1bn. In Asia and the UK, we grew our mortgage lending balances by a combined $11bn compared with 3Q22. In wholesale transaction banking, which represents a cornerstone of our international connectivity, we increased revenue by 50% to $20.2bn, primarily due to growth in net interest income from higher interest rates.

We continue to make good progress on our strategic transactions, including the plan to sell our retail banking operations in France and our banking business in Canada, as we reshape the organisation to focus on our international customer base. During 3Q23, we completed the sale of our operations in Greece and Oman, and entered into an agreement to sell our New Zealand retail mortgage loan portfolio. In addition, in October 2023, we announced the purchase of Citi's retail wealth management portfolio in mainland China, comprising approximately $3.6bn in assets under management and deposits (as of August 2023), and the associated wealth customers.

For further details of these transactions, see 'Disposal groups and business acquisitions' on page 5.

ESG update

We continue to work through the implementation of our net zero strategy, including working to embed processes to help operationalise our net zero targets and related policies. We are also continuing to work on producing our own net zero transition plan, including considering recent guidance as appropriate.

Basis of preparation

IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts'

On 1 January 2023, HSBC adopted IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts'. As required by the standard, the Group applied the requirements retrospectively with comparative data previously published under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' restated from the 1 January 2022 transition date. Under IFRS 17 there is no present value of in-force business ('PVIF') asset recognised up front. Instead the measurement of the insurance contract liability takes into account fulfilment cash flows and a contractual service margin ('CSM') representing the unearned profit. In contrast to the Group's previous IFRS 4 accounting where profits are recognised up front, under IFRS 17 they are deferred and systematically recognised in revenue as services are provided over the life of the contract. The CSM also includes attributable cost, which had previously been expensed as incurred and which is now incorporated within the insurance liability measurement and recognised over the life of the contract.

In conjunction with the implementation of IFRS 17, the Group has made use of the option to redesignate to fair value through profit or loss assets that were previously held at amortised cost totalling $55.1bn, and assets previously held at fair value through other comprehensive income totalling $1.1bn. The redesignation of amortised cost assets generated a net increase to assets of $4.9bn because the fair value measurement on transition was higher than the previous amortised cost carrying amount.

The impact of the transition was a reduction of $0.8bn on the Group's 9M22 reported revenue and a reduction of $0.3bn on 9M22 reported profit before tax. The impact of the transition in the full-year 2022 period was a reduction of $1.1bn on the Group's reported revenue and a reduction of $0.5bn on the reported profit before tax. The Group's total equity on 1 January 2022 reduced by $10.5bn to $196.3bn on the transition, and tangible equity reduced by $2.4bn to $155.8bn. For further details, see our Report on Transition to IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts' at www.hsbc.com/investors and page 137 of the Interim Report 2023.

Changes to our reporting framework

On 1 January 2023, we updated our financial reporting framework. We no longer report 'adjusted' results, which exclude the impact of both foreign currency translation differences and significant items. Instead, we compute constant currency performance by adjusting comparative reported results only for the effects of foreign currency translation differences between the relevant periods. This will enable users to understand the impact of foreign currency translation differences on the Group's performance. We separately disclose 'notable items', which are components of our income statement that management would consider as outside the normal course of business and generally non-recurring in nature. While our primary segmental reporting by global business remains unchanged, effective from 1 January 2023, the Group changed the supplementary presentation of results from geographical regions to main legal entities to better reflect the Group's structure.

Cost target

At our full-year 2022 results, we set a target for our 'adjusted' operating expenses growth for 2023 compared with 2022. Under our new reporting framework we no longer present 'adjusted' results. The exception to this is for operating expenses, where our 'target basis' will adjust reported results for notable items and the period-on-period effects of foreign currency translation differences. We also exclude the impact of retranslating comparative period financial information at the latest rates of foreign exchange in hyperinflationary economies, which is not within our control. We consider that this measure provides useful information to investors by quantifying and excluding the items that management considered when setting and assessing cost-related targets. In our target basis, we also exclude the costs related to the acquisition of SVB UK and related investments internationally, which are expected to add approximately 1% to our cost growth compared with 2022.

Our 2022 baseline for operating expenses on this basis is $29.8bn, which has been retranslated at the average rates of foreign exchange for the year to 30 September 2023 for the 9M22 period, with 4Q22 retranslated at the average rates of foreign exchange for the month of September 2023.

Dividends

Given our current returns trajectory, we are targeting a dividend payout ratio of 50% for 2023 and 2024. For the purposes of computing our dividend payout ratio target, we exclude from earnings per share material notable items, comprising the impacts of the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France, the agreed sale of our banking business in Canada and the provisional gain following the acquisition of SVB UK. We also exclude HSBC Bank Canada's financial results from the 30 June 2022 net asset reference date until completion, as the gain on sale will be recognised through a combination of the consolidation of HSBC Bank Canada's results in the Group's results since this date, and the remaining gain on sale recognised at completion. We remain committed to considering the payment of a special dividend of $0.21 per share as a priority use of the proceeds from the completion of our sale of our banking business in Canada, in the first half of 2024.

Resegmentation

In the first quarter of 2023, following an internal review to assess which global businesses were best suited to serve our customers' respective needs, a portfolio of our Global Banking customers within our entities in Latin America was transferred from GBM to CMB for reporting purposes. Comparative data have been re-presented accordingly. Similar smaller transfers from GBM to CMB were also undertaken within our entities in Australia and Indonesia, where comparative data have not been re-presented.

Notes

- Income statement comparisons, unless stated otherwise, are between the nine-month period ended 30 September 2023 and the nine-month period ended 30 September 2022. Balance sheet comparisons, unless otherwise stated, are between balances at 30 September 2023 and the corresponding balances at 30 June 2023.

- The financial information on which this Earnings Release 3Q23 is based is unaudited. Other than the adoption of IFRS 17 described above, it has been prepared in accordance with our material accounting policies as described on pages 335 to 348 of our Annual Report and Accounts 2022.

Constant currency performance

Constant currency performance is computed by adjusting reported results for the effects of foreign currency translation differences, which distort period-on-period comparisons.

We consider constant currency performance to provide useful information for investors by aligning internal and external reporting, and reflecting how management assesses period-on-period performance.

Foreign currency translation differences

Foreign currency translation differences reflect the movements of the US dollar against most major currencies. We exclude them to derive constant currency data, allowing us to assess balance sheet and income statement performance on a like-for-like basis and to better understand the underlying trends in the business.

Foreign currency translation differences for 9M23 and 3Q23 are computed by retranslating into US dollars for non-US dollar branches, subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates:

- the income statements for 9M22 at the average rate of exchange for 9M23;

- the income statements for the quarterly periods at the average rate of exchange for 3Q23; and

- the closing prior period balance sheets at the prevailing rates of exchange at 30 September 2023.

No adjustment has been made to the exchange rates used to translate foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities into the functional currencies of any HSBC branches, subsidiaries, joint ventures or associates. The constant currency data of HSBC's Argentina subsidiaries have not been adjusted further for the impacts of hyperinflation. Since 1 June 2022, Türkiye has been deemed a hyperinflationary economy for accounting purposes. HSBC has an operating entity in Türkiye and the constant currency data have not been adjusted further for the impacts of hyperinflation. When reference is made to foreign currency translation differences in tables or commentaries, comparative data reported in the functional currencies of HSBC's operations have been translated at the appropriate exchange rates applied in the current period on the basis described above.

Notable items

We separately disclose 'notable items', which are components of our income statement that management would consider as outside the normal course of business and generally non-recurring in nature.

The tables on pages 40 to 50 detail the effects of notable items on each of our global business segments and legal entities during 9M23, 9M22, 3Q23, 2Q23 and 3Q22.

Global business performance

The Group Chief Executive, supported by the rest of the Group Executive Committee ('GEC'), is considered to be the Chief Operating Decision Maker ('CODM') for the purposes of identifying the Group's reportable segments.

The Group Chief Executive and the rest of the GEC review operating activity on a number of bases, including by global business and legal entities. Our global businesses - Wealth and Personal Banking, Commercial Banking and Global Banking and Markets - along with Corporate Centre are our reportable segments under IFRS 8 'Operating Segments'. Global business results are assessed by the CODM on the basis of constant currency performance, which removes the effects of currency translation impacts from reported results. Therefore, we present these results on a constant currency basis.

As required by IFRS 8, reconciliations of the constant currency results to the Group's reported results are presented on page 39. Supplementary reconciliations of constant currency to reported results by global business are presented on pages 40 to 44 for information purposes.

Management view of revenue on a constant currency basis

Our global business segment commentary includes tables that provide breakdowns of revenue on a constant currency basis by major product. These reflect the basis on which revenue performance of the businesses is assessed and managed.

Disposal groups and business acquisitions

France

On 20 September 2023, following completion of the information and consultation processes of their respective works councils, HSBC Continental Europe, Promontoria MMB SAS ('My Money Group') and its subsidiary Banque des Caraïbes SA signed a binding framework agreement reflecting revised terms for the planned sale of HSBC Continental Europe's retail banking operations in France. This followed from the signing of a further memorandum of understanding with the buyer in June 2023 regarding certain changes to the terms of the sale, which are designed to enable the buyer to satisfy its future capital requirements and to obtain regulatory approval for the transaction. These changes foresee: the retention of $7.4bn of home and other loans by HSBC Continental Europe that were originally planned to transfer as part of the sale, the inclusion in the perimeter for sale of a cash amount equivalent to the carrying value of the retained portfolio of loans, and the setting of the net asset value of the transferred business by reference to relevant prevailing market rates at completion. In addition, depending on the prevailing market rates at completion, HSBC Continental Europe may receive a profit participation interest in exchange for investing capital into the top holding company of My Money Group, such that the aggregate of the actual net asset value delivered at completion and the investment made in the profit participation interest would not exceed ?1.768bn. The changes also foresee the retention of the CCF brand, the entry into a long-term agreement to license it to the buyer and certain enhancements to the insurance and asset management distribution agreements with the buyer.

Taking into account the previously mentioned changes, the transaction is expected to result in the recognition of a pre-tax loss on sale estimated up to $2.2bn at reclassification of the business as held for sale, when the required level of probability of successful completion is met, as required by IFRS 5. The reinstatement of the impairment is expected to have an adverse impact of approximately 0.3 percentage points on our CET1 ratio. This is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of 2023 upon obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals, and would result in the reclassification of the disposal group as held for sale and its remeasurement at the lower of the carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell at each reporting period. Any remaining gains or losses not previously recognised, as well as the reversal of any remaining deferred tax assets and liabilities, will be recognised on completion. The transaction remains subject to regulatory approvals and the parties aim to complete on 1 January 2024.

At 30 September 2023, a deferred tax liability of $0.4bn continued to be recognised as a consequence of the temporary difference in tax and accounting treatment in respect of the provision for loss on disposal, which was deductible in the French tax return in 2021 but will be accounted for when the disposal group is classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5, at which time the deferred tax liability will reverse.

Silicon Valley Bank UK Limited

In March 2023, HSBC UK Bank plc acquired SVB UK, and in June 2023 changed its legal entity name to HSBC Innovation Bank Limited. The acquisition was funded from existing resources and brought the staff, assets and liabilities of SVB UK into the HSBC portfolio.

On acquisition, we performed a preliminary assessment of the fair value of the assets and liabilities purchased. We established an opening balance sheet on 13 March 2023 and applied the result of the fair value assessment, which resulted in a reduction in net assets of $0.2bn. The provisional gain on acquisition of $1.5bn represents the difference between the consideration paid of £1 and the net assets acquired. Further due diligence has been performed post-acquisition, resulting in the recognition of an additional gain of $0.1bn at 30 September 2023, as required by IFRS 3 'Business Combinations'.

Canada

In November 2022, we announced the planned sale of our banking business in Canada. Completion of the transaction is expected to occur in the first quarter of 2024, subject to governmental approvals. The estimated gain on sale of $5.5bn (as at 30 September 2023) will be recognised through a combination of the consolidation of HSBC Canada's results into the Group's financial statements from 30 September 2023 until completion, and the remaining gain on sale recognised at completion. There would be no tax on the gain recognised at completion. The gain on sale is expected to have a favourable impact of approximately 1.3 percentage points on our CET1 ratio. At 30 September 2023, total assets of $84.1bn and total liabilities of $78.3bn met the criteria to be classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5.

We remain committed to considering the payment of a special dividend of $0.21 per share as a priority use of the proceeds from the sale of our banking business in Canada in the first half of 2024. The remaining proceeds will accrue into CET1 capital in consideration for organic growth and investment, and we intend to use any excess capital to supplement share buy-backs.

Other disposals and acquisitions

In June 2022, we announced the planned sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary in Russia, HSBC Bank (RR) (Limited Liability Company). Completion of the transaction is subject to governmental approvals, and is now expected in the first half of 2024. In 2022, a $0.3bn loss on the planned sale was recognised, upon reclassification as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5. The transaction long-stop date has been extended and as at 30 September 2023, the disposal group remained classified as held for sale.

In November 2022, HSBC Bank Oman SAOG entered into a binding merger agreement with Sohar International Bank SAOG, under which the two banks agreed to take the necessary steps to implement a merger by incorporation, whereby HSBC Bank Oman would merge into Sohar International Bank. Following regulatory and shareholder approvals, the merger was completed in August 2023 by way of dissolution and transfer of all of the assets and liabilities of HSBC Bank Oman to Sohar International Bank, with the shareholders of HSBC Bank Oman receiving the consideration in cash and shares in Sohar International Bank. Separately, HSBC Bank Middle East Limited is planning to establish a new wholesale banking branch in Oman subject to regulatory approvals.

In August 2023, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (acting through its New Zealand branch) entered into an agreement with Pepper New Zealand Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pepper Money Limited, to sell its New Zealand retail mortgage loan portfolio. At 30 September 2023, the carrying value of the portfolio reclassified to held for sale stood at $0.9bn, and a loss of $0.1bn was recognised. The transaction is expected to complete in 4Q23.

In October 2023, HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc, entered into an agreement to acquire Citi's retail wealth management portfolio in mainland China. The portfolio comprises approximately $3.6bn in assets under management and deposits (as of August 2023), and the associated wealth customers. Upon completion, the acquired business will be integrated into HSBC Bank China's WPB operations. The transaction is expected to complete in the first half of 2024.

Key financial metrics

For reconciliation and analysis of our reported results on a constant currency basis, including lists of notable items, see page 39. Definitions and calculations of other alternative performance measures are included in 'Alternative performance measures' on page 36.

1 Unless otherwise stated, regulatory capital ratios and requirements are based on the transitional arrangements of the Capital Requirements Regulation in force at the time. References to EU regulations and directives (including technical standards) should, as applicable, be read as references to the UK's version of such regulation or directive, as onshored into UK law under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, and as may be subsequently amended under UK law.

2 Regulatory numbers and ratios are as presented at the date of reporting. Small changes may exist between these numbers and ratios and those subsequently submitted in regulatory filings. Where differences are significant, we will restate in subsequent periods.

3 The liquidity coverage ratio is based on the average month-end value over the preceding 12 months.

Summary consolidated income statement

1 From 1 January 2023, we adopted IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts', which replaced IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts'. Comparative data have been restatedaccordingly.

2 Provisional gain recognised in respect of the acquisition of SVB UK.

3 In 3Q22, an impairment loss of $2.3bn was recognised relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France. In 1Q23, a reversal of $2.1bn (excluding goodwill of $0.4bn) was recognised, as the business is no longer classified as held for sale.

4 Net operating income before change in expected credit losses and other credit impairment charges, also referred to as revenue.

Distribution of results by global business and legal entity

1 Constant currency net operating income before change in expected credit losses and other credit impairment charges including the effects of foreign currency translation differences, also referred to as constant currency revenue.

2 In the first quarter of 2023, following an internal review to assess which global businesses were best suited to serve our customers' respective needs, a portfolio of our customers within our markets in Latin America was transferred from GBM to CMB for reporting purposes. Comparative data have been re-presented accordingly.

1 Other trading entities includes the results of entities located in Oman, Türkiye, Egypt and Saudi Arabia (including our share of the results of Saudi Awwal Bank) which do not consolidate into HSBC Bank Middle East Limited. Supplementary analysis is provided on page 51 for a fuller picture of the MENAT regional performance.

Tables showing constant currency profit before tax by global business and legal entity are presented to support the commentary on constant currency performance on pages 11 and 12.

The tables on pages 40 to 50 reconcile reported to constant currency results for each of our global business segments and legal entities.

Income statement commentary

Group

3Q23 compared with 3Q22 - reported results

1 Fair value movements on non-qualifying hedges in HSBC Holdings.

Reported profit

Reported profit after tax of $6.3bn was $3.6bn higher than in 3Q22.

Reported profit before tax of $7.7bn was $4.5bn higher. The increase was mainly driven by growth in net interest income, reflecting the impact of interest rate rises, and from the non-recurrence of a $2.3bn impairment in 3Q22 relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France. Reported ECL charges remained broadly stable. Reported operating expenses rose by 2%, as higher technology costs and increased performance-related pay accrual were largely offset by a reduction in restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-reduction programme at the end of 2022.

Reported revenue

Reported revenue of $16.2bn was $4.7bn or 40% higher, which included the non-recurrence of an impairment relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France. The rise also reflected the impact of interest rate rises, mainly in Global Payments Solutions ('GPS') in Commercial Banking ('CMB') and Global Banking and Markets ('GBM'), and in Personal Banking in Wealth and Personal Banking ('WPB'). There were also gains on foreign exchange hedges relating to the planned sale of our banking business in Canada.

These increases were partly offset by lower revenue in Equities and Global Foreign Exchange in GBM, compared with a strong 3Q22 which benefited from higher levels of client activity and a favourable trading environment. Additionally, revenue fell in Markets Treasury from lower net interest income due to the impact of rising interest rates on our funding costs and flattening yield curves. Markets Treasury also incurred disposal losses of $0.6bn relating to repositioning and risk management activities in our hold-to-collect-and-sell portfolio in certain key legal entities. These actions are accretive to net interest income and reduce the consumption of the Group's financial resources. Markets Treasury revenue is allocated to our global businesses.

Reported ECL

Reported ECL of $1.1bn remained broadly stable compared with 3Q22. In 3Q23, ECL primarily comprised stage 3 charges, including $0.5bn relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China. The ECL charge in 3Q22 related to heightened economic uncertainty, inflation and rising interest rates, as well as from ongoing developments in the commercial real estate sector in mainland China.

Reported operating expenses

Reported operating expenses of $8.0bn were $0.2bn or 2% higher. This mainly reflected higher technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation, and a higher performance-related pay accrual, as well as an adverse impact of foreign currency translation differences between the periods of $0.1bn. These increases were partly offset by a reduction in restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme, which concluded at the end of 2022, and the effects of our continued cost discipline.

Reported share of profit from associates and JVs

Reported share of profit from associates and joint ventures of $0.6bn was $10m or 2% higher, primarily driven by a higher share of profit from Saudi Awwal Bank ('SAB'), formerly The Saudi British Bank.

Third interim dividend for 2023

On 30 October 2023, the Board announced a third interim dividend for 2023 of $0.10 per ordinary share. For further details, see page 52.

Group

3Q23 compared with 3Q22 - constant currency basis

Profit before tax of $7.7bn was $4.6bn higher than in 3Q22 on a constant currency basis. Revenue increased by $4.6bn or 40%, mainly due to higher net interest income and the non-recurrence of the impairment relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France in 3Q22, as described above. ECL charges of $1.1bn were broadly stable, while operating expenses increased by $0.1bn or 1%, mainly driven by growth in technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation, and a higher performance-related pay accrual, partly offset by a reduction in restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme at the end of 2022. The impact of retranslating the previous year results of our operations in hyperinflationary economies at 3Q23 average rates of foreign exchange resulted in cost growth of $128m.

Group

9M23 compared with 9M22 - reported results

1 Fair value movements on non-qualifying hedges in HSBC Holdings.

Reported profit

Reported profit after tax of $24.3bn was $12.7bn higher than in 9M22. This included a higher tax expense, in part from the non-recurrence of a $1.8bn gain in 9M22 due to the recognition of a deferred tax asset from historical tax losses in HSBC Holdings.

Reported profit before tax of $29.4bn was $17.4bn higher. This was primarily driven by an increase in revenue due to growth in net interest income, reflecting the impact of interest rate rises. It also included the impact of an impairment of $2.3bn in 9M22 relating to the planned disposal of our retail banking operations in France, of which $2.1bn was reversed in 9M23 as the sale became less certain. In addition, there was a provisional gain of $1.6bn recognised on the acquisition of SVB UK in 9M23. Reported operating expenses decreased, primarily reflecting a reduction in restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme at the end of 2022, which mitigated higher technology spend, an increase in the performance-related pay accrual and the impact of inflation. Reported ECL of $2.4bn increased by $0.3bn and included charges relating to exposures against the commercial real estate sector in mainland China.

Reported revenue

Reported revenue of $53.0bn was $17.0bn or 47% higher, which included the impacts of an impairment in 9M22 and a subsequent reversal in 9M23 relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France. It also included a provisional gain on the acquisition of SVB UK, as described above.

The growth also reflected the impact of interest rate rises, mainly in GPS in CMB and GBM, Personal Banking and Global Private Banking in WPB, as well as Securities Services in GBM. There was also a good performance in our insurance business in WPB, and in Capital Markets and Advisory in GBM, while the increase in revenue in Corporate Centre was driven by Central Treasury, mainly due to the non-recurrence of adverse fair value movements on financial instruments.

These increases were partly offset by lower Credit and Lending revenue in CMB, mainly driven by lower balances and margin compression, and in GBM, reflecting weaker client demand. In Equities in GBM, revenue fell due to lower client activity. Revenue also reduced in Markets Treasury due to the impact of rising interest rates on our funding costs and flattening yield curves. Markets Treasury also incurred losses on asset disposals of $0.6bn relating to repositioning and risk management activities in our hold-to-collect-and-sell portfolio in certain key legal entities. These actions are accretive to net interest income and reduce the consumption of the Group's financial resources. This revenue is allocated to our global businesses.

Reported ECL

Reported ECL of $2.4bn were $0.3bn higher. Both periods included charges relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China, which were $0.8bn in 9M23, and charges in the UK due to increased economic uncertainty, inflation and rising interest rates. The charge in 9M22 of $2.2bn benefited from the release of Covid-19-related allowances.

For further details of the calculation of ECL, including the measurement uncertainties and significant judgements applied to such calculations, the impact of the economic scenarios and management judgemental adjustments, see pages 25 to 29.

Reported operating expenses

Reported operating expenses of $23.4bn were $0.5bn or 2% lower, including favourable foreign currency translation differences between the periods of $0.5bn. There were lower restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme, which concluded at the end of 2022, a $0.2bn reduction due to a reversal of historical asset impairments, and the effects of our continued cost discipline. These reductions were offset by increases in technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation, a higher performance-related pay accrual and severance payments recorded in the first half of 2023.

The number of employees expressed in full-time equivalent staff ('FTE') at 30 September 2023 was 221,275, an increase of 2,076 compared with 31 December 2022. The number of contractors at 30 September 2023 was 5,045, a decrease of 1,002 due to the completion of our cost-saving programme.

Reported share of profit from associates and JVs

Reported share of profit from associates and joint ventures of $2.2bn was $0.1bn or 7% higher, primarily from an increase in the share of profit from SAB.

Tax expense

Tax in 9M23 was a charge of $5.0bn, representing an effective tax rate of 17.1%, which was higher than the effective tax rate of 3.5% for 9M22. The effective tax rate for 9M23 was reduced by 1.5 percentage points by the non-taxable provisional gain on the acquisition of SVB UK and by 1.4 percentage points by the release of provisions for uncertain tax positions. The effective tax rate for 9M22 was reduced by 15.8 percentage points by the recognition of a deferred tax asset on historical tax losses of HSBC Holdings as a result of improved profit forecasts for the UK tax group. Excluding these items, the effective tax rates were 20.1% for 9M23 and 19.3% for 9M22.

Return on average tangible equity

In 9M23, our annualised RoTE was 19.7%. Excluding the impact of the reversal of an impairment relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France and the provisional gain of $1.6bn on the acquisition of SVB UK, annualised RoTE was 17.1%.

Group

9M23 compared with 9M22 - constant currency basis

Profit before tax of $29.4bn was $17.8bn higher than in 9M22 on a constant currency basis. Revenue increased by $17.8bn or 51%, primarily reflecting growth in net interest income from the impact of global interest rate rises. The increase included the impact of an impairment in 9M22, and a subsequent reversal in 9M23, relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France. It also included a provisional gain on the acquisition of SVB UK. In addition, share of profit from associates and JVs increased by $0.3bn, reflecting an increase in the share of profit from SAB and Bank of Communications Co., Limited ('BoCom'). Operating expenses were stable, as lower restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme were offset mainly by increases in technology costs, the impacts of rising inflation, and a higher performance-related pay accrual. ECL were $0.2bn higher. Both periods included charges relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China, which were $0.8bn in 9M23, as well as charges in the UK due to increased economic uncertainty, inflation and rising interest rates. The charge in 9M22 benefited from the release of Covid-19-related allowances.

Net interest margin

1 Gross interest yield is the average annualised interest rate earned on average interest-earning assets ('AIEA'). Gross interest payable is the average annualised interest cost as a percentage of average interest-bearing liabilities.

2 Net interest spread is the difference between the average annualised interest rate earned on AIEA, net of amortised premiums and loan fees, and the average annualised interest rate payable on average interest-bearing funds.

3 Net interest margin is net interest income expressed as an annualised percentage of AIEA.

Net interest margin

Net interest margin ('NIM') for 9M23 of 1.70% was 37 basis points ('bps') higher compared with 9M22, driven by the rise in the yield on AIEA of 249bps. This was partly offset by the rise in the funding costs of average interest-bearing liabilities of 243bps. The increase in NIM in 9M23 included the unfavourable impact of foreign currency translation differences. Excluding this, NIM increased by 40bps.

NIM for 3Q23 was 1.70%, up 19bps year-on-year, and down 2bps compared with the previous quarter. The reduction compared with 2Q23 reflected continuing customer deposit migration, particularly in Asia. There was a greater increase in the funding costs of average interest-bearing liabilities than in the yield on interest-earning assets.

Net interest income

Net interest income ('NII') for 9M23 was $27.5bn, an increase of $6.1bn or 29% compared with 9M22. This reflected higher average market interest rates across the major currencies compared with 9M22.

Excluding the unfavourable impact of foreign currency translation differences, NII increased by $6.7bn or 32%.

NII for 3Q23 was $9.2bn, up 15% compared with 3Q22, and down 2% compared with 2Q23. The increase compared with 3Q22 was driven by the impact of higher yields on our asset book, notably in the UK and our main legal entities in Asia. This was partly offset by higher funding costs across our liability book, which included the impact of deposit migration in our main legal entities in Asia and Europe. The reduction compared with 2Q23 was driven by higher funding costs on liabilities compared with the interest earned on AIEA.

Interest income and interest expense

Interest income for 9M23 of $74.2bn increased by $40.3bn compared with 9M22, primarily due to higher market interest rates. The change in interest income included an adverse impact of foreign currency translation differences of $1.0bn, excluding which interest income increased by $41.3bn.

Interest income of $27.2bn in 3Q23 was up $13.1bn compared with 3Q22, and up $2.3bn compared with 2Q23, both due to higher market interest rates.

Interest expense for 9M23 of $46.6bn increased by $34.2bn compared with 9M22. This reflected an increase in funding costs of 243bps, mainly due to the impact of higher interest rates, as well as from customer deposit migration, notably in Asia. The rise in interest expense included the favourable effects of foreign currency translation differences of $0.4bn. Excluding this, interest expense increased by $34.6bn.

Interest expense of $18.0bn in 3Q23 was up $11.9bn compared with 3Q22, and up $2.4bn compared with 2Q23.

Banking net interest income

Banking net interest income is an alternative performance measure, and is defined as Group net interest income after deducting:

- the internal cost to fund trading and fair value net assets for which associated revenue is reported in 'Net income from financial instruments held for trading or managed on a fair value basis', also referred to as 'trading and fair value income'. These funding costs reflect proxy overnight or term interest rates as applied by internal funds transfer pricing;

- the funding costs of foreign exchange swaps in Markets Treasury, where an offsetting income or loss is recorded in trading and fair value income. These instruments are used to manage foreign currency deployment and funding in our entities; and

- third-party net interest income in our insurance business.

In our segmental disclosures, the funding costs of trading and fair value net assets are predominantly recorded in GBM in 'net income from financial instruments held for trading or managed on a fair value basis'. On consolidation, this funding is eliminated in Corporate Centre, resulting in an increase in the funding costs reported in net interest income with an equivalent offsetting increase in 'net income from financial instruments held for trading or managed on a fair value basis' in this segment. During 2Q23 we implemented a consistent reporting approach across the 14 most material entities that contribute to our trading and fair value net assets, which resulted in an increase to the associated funding costs reported through the intersegment elimination in Corporate Centre of approximately $0.4bn, recognised in 2Q23. In the consolidated Group results, the cost to fund these trading and fair value net assets is reported in net interest income.

Banking NII, which is derived by deducting the centrally allocated funding costs to generate trading and fair value income, was $33.3bn in 9M23. The funding costs were $6.1bn, an increase of $4.9bn compared with 9M22, notably due to higher interest rates. Banking net interest income also deducts third-party net interest income related to our insurance business, which was $0.3bn in 9M23, broadly stable compared with 9M22.

The internally allocated funding costs incurred in 9M23 to generate trading and fair value income related to trading, fair value and associated net asset balances predominantly in GBM. At 30 September 2023, these stood at approximately $130bn.

Summary consolidated balance sheet

1 From 1 January 2023, we adopted IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts', which replaced IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts'. Comparative data have been restated accordingly.

Balance sheet commentary

Balance sheet - 30 September 2023 compared with 30 June 2023

At 30 September 2023, our total assets of $3.0tn were $21bn lower on a reported basis and included unfavourable effects of foreign currency translation differences of $59bn. On a constant currency basis, total assets were $39bn higher, mainly driven by growth in financial investments and an increase in settlement accounts. These were partly offset by a decrease in assets held for sale, lower loans and advances to customers, and a reduction in reverse repurchase agreements.

Loans and advances to customers as a percentage of customer accounts was 59.9%, which was lower than 60.1% at 30 June 2023.

Loans and advances to customers

Loans and advances to customers of $0.9tn were $24bn lower on a reported basis. This included the adverse effects of foreign currency translation differences of $19bn, excluding which customer lending balances decreased by $5bn.

In WPB, customer lending increased by $2bn, primarily from mortgage balance growth in HSBC UK, Hong Kong, the US and Mexico. This was partly offset by the reclassification of $0.8bn to held for sale from the planned sale of the New Zealand retail mortgage loan portfolio.

In CMB, customer lending was $6bn lower due to decreases in our legal entity in Hong Kong, HSBC Bank plc and in the US, reflecting softer demand from customers due to higher interest rates and economic uncertainty.

In GBM, lending fell by $1bn from a decrease in term lending balances in our legal entity in Hong Kong.

While our near-term outlook on lending growth remains cautious, we expect mid-single-digit percentage annual loan growth in the medium to long term.

Customer accounts

Customer accounts of $1.6tn reduced by $33bn on a reported basis. This included the adverse effects of foreign currency translation differences of $31bn, excluding which customer accounts fell by $2bn.

In WPB, customer accounts fell by $3bn, mainly due to decreases in HSBC UK reflecting the higher cost of living and competitive pressures, partly offset by increases in our legal entities in Australia and mainland China.

In CMB, the reduction in customer accounts of $2bn reflected net outflows in our legal entity in mainland China and in HSBC UK.

In GBM, customer accounts increased by $4bn, reflecting balance growth in HSBC Bank plc due to an increase in term deposits and interest-bearing balances, partly offset by lower interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing balances in our legal entities in Singapore, Hong Kong and mainland China.

Financial investments

As part of our interest rate hedging strategy, we hold a portfolio of debt instruments, reported within financial investments, which are classified as hold-to-collect-and-sell. As a result, the change in value of these instruments is recognised through 'debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income' in equity.

At 30 September 2023, we had recognised a pre-tax cumulative unrealised loss reserve through other comprehensive income of $5.9bn related to these hold-to-collect-and-sell positions. This reflected a $0.3bn pre-tax gain in 3Q23, inclusive of movements on related fair value hedges. The gain in 3Q23 includes a reduction in unrealised losses due to the disposal of securities as part of repositioning actions taken in this portfolio of $0.6bn, which is described in further detail below. Overall, the Group is positively exposed to rising interest rates through net interest income, although there is an adverse impact on our capital base in the early stages of a rising interest rate environment due to the fair value of hold-to-collect-and-sell instruments.

Over time, these adverse movements will unwind as the instruments reach maturity, although not all will necessarily be held to maturity.

As interest rates have increased, we have taken actions to manage our exposure to the changing interest rate environment. During 3Q23, Markets Treasury incurred disposal losses of $0.6bn, reported in other operating income, relating to repositioning and risk management activities in our hold-to-collect-and-sell portfolio in certain key legal entities. These actions are accretive to net interest income and reduce the consumption of the Group's financial resources. The losses in the income statement associated with these disposals are already recognised in equity, as described above.

We also hold a portfolio of financial investments measured at amortised cost, which are classified as hold-to-collect. At 30 September 2023, there was a cumulative unrecognised loss of $4.4bn. Within this, $3.5bn related to debt instruments held to manage our interest rate exposure, representing a $0.7bn deterioration during 3Q23.

Risk-weighted assets - 30 September 2023 compared with 30 June 2023

Risk-weighted assets ('RWAs') reduced by $19.5bn during the quarter. Excluding a decrease of $12.5bn from foreign currency translation differences, RWAs fell by $7.0bn, reflecting:

- a $4.7bn decrease mainly due to credit risk parameter refinements notably in Asia, HSBC Bank plc and SAB;

- a $3.3bn decline from strategic disposals, primarily due to the sale of our Oman business; and

- a $1.4bn decline due to mark-to-market movements from counterparty credit risk, mainly in HSBC Bank plc, Asia and Mexico.

These were partly offset by:

- a $2.0bn increase from portfolio mix changes and unfavourable credit risk rating migrations, primarily in HSBC UK, HSBC Bank plc, Asia and the US; and

- a $1.4bn rise in credit risk mainly due to higher sovereign exposures and mortgage growth, which was partly offset by a fall in customer lending.

Global businesses

Wealth and Personal Banking - constant currency basis

1 'Other' includes Markets Treasury, HSBC Holdings interest expense and hyperinflation. It also includes the distribution and manufacturing (where applicable) of retail and credit protection insurance, disposal gains and other non-product-specific income.

2 'Net operating income' means net operating income before change in expected credit losses and other credit impairment charges (also referred to as 'revenue').

3 RoTE (annualised) in 9M23 included a 6.6 percentage point favourable impact from the reversal of the impairment losses relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France.

9M23 compared with 9M22

Profit before tax of $11.4bn was $8.8bn higher than in 9M22 on a constant currency basis. The growth in revenue reflected higher Personal Banking net interest income of $4.6bn due to wider margins as interest rates rose, and an increase in wealth revenue of $0.6bn. The increase also included the $4.4bn impact of an impairment in 9M22 relating to the planned disposal of our retail banking operations in France, and its subsequent partial reversal in 9M23 as the sale became less certain. ECL fell by $0.2bn, while operating expenses grew by $0.4bn.

Revenue of $22.9bn was $8.9bn or 64% higher on a constant currency basis. This was driven by growth in Personal Banking net interest income of $4.6bn from wider margins, supported by an increase in lending, a $0.3bn increase in life insurance revenue, and a rise of $0.2bn in Global Private Banking net interest income. In addition, 'Other' revenue included the impact of an impairment in 9M22 relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France, and its subsequent reversal in 9M23, partly offset by a reduction in revenue allocated from Corporate Centre of $0.9bn, including losses on Markets Treasury repositioning.

In Wealth, revenue of $5.8bn was up $0.6bn or 12%.

- Life insurance revenue rose by $0.3bn or 28%. The increase was mainly driven by favourable net investment returns of $0.2bn and an increase of $0.1bn in the net insurance service result after adverse assumption changes. In addition, insurance manufacturing new business contractual service margin1 written of $1.3bn in 9M23 was up $0.4bn or 42%, mainly in Hong Kong due in part to the mainland China border reopening and the launch of new products in 9M23.

- Global Private Banking revenue was $0.2bn or 15% higher due to the positive impact of rising interest rates on net interest income.

- Asset management revenue was $0.1bn or 13% higher, driven by an increase in assets under management of 13%, and from positive market movements.

In Personal Banking, revenue of $15.5bn was up $4.6bn or 43%.

- Net interest income was $4.6bn or 47% higher due to wider margins from interest rate rises. This was supported by lending growth in HSBC UK, and in our main legal entities in Asia, Mexico and the US. Mortgage lending rose in our main legal entity in Asia by $6bn and in HSBC UK by $5bn. Unsecured lending increased by $3bn, notably in Mexico and Hong Kong, partly offset by the closure of the John Lewis cards portfolio. Deposit balances fell by $11bn, mainly in HSBC UK and our main entity in the US, partly offset by growth in our main legal entities in Asia, the UAE and the Channel Islands.

Other revenue increased by $3.7bn, mainly due to the $4.4bn impact of an impairment relating to the planned sale of our retail banking operations in France in 9M22, and its subsequent reversal in 9M23. This was partly offset by a $0.5bn reduction from Markets Treasury allocated revenue, including disposal losses on repositioning, an increase in HSBC Holdings interest expense of $0.2bn, and an adverse impact of $0.2bn due to hyperinflationary accounting.

ECL were $0.7bn, compared with $0.9bn in 9M22 on a constant currency basis, as the credit performance in 9M23 remained resilient, with delinquencies and write-offs remaining broadly stable, despite a significant rise in inflationary pressures. The charges in 9M22 reflected heightened levels of uncertainty and inflationary pressures.

Operating expenses of $10.9bn were 3% higher on a constant currency basis, reflecting continued investments, notably in wealth in Asia, higher technology spend and the impact of higher inflation. These were partly offset by a reduction of restructuring and other related costs following the completion of our cost-saving programme at the end of 2022, ongoing cost discipline and a $0.1bn reversal related to historical asset impairments.

3Q23 compared with 3Q22

Profit before tax of $2.8bn was $2.7bn higher than in 3Q22 on a constant currency basis. This was driven by a $2.8bn increase in revenue as 3Q22 included an impairment of $2.3bn following the classification of our retail banking business in France as held for sale on 30 September 2022. There was also strong growth in Personal Banking net interest income of $0.9bn, due to wider margins from rising interest rates and lending growth. This was partly offset by a reduction in revenue allocated from Markets Treasury, mainly due to disposal losses on repositioning. ECL of $0.2bn were $0.1bn lower. Operating expenses of $3.7bn were $0.2bn or 6% higher, mainly due to increased technology spend and inflationary pressures, which were in part mitigated by the benefits of our cost-saving initiatives.

1 From 1 January 2023, we adopted IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts', which replaced IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts'. Under IFRS 17, the future profits from new business are capitalised in the contractual service margin, and not recognised immediately in the income statement, as was the case for the value of new business measure under IFRS 4.

Commercial Banking - constant currency basis

1 Includes CMB's share of revenue from the sale of Markets and Securities Services and Banking products to CMB customers. GBM's share of revenue from the sale of these products to CMB customers is included within the corresponding lines of the GBM management view of revenue. Also includes allocated revenue from Markets Treasury, HSBC Holdings interest expense and hyperinflation.

2 'Net operating income' means net operating income before change in expected credit losses and other credit impairment charges (also referred to as 'revenue').

3 RoTE (annualised) in 9M23 included a 4.3 percentage point favourable impact from the provisional gain on the acquisition of SVB UK.

9M23 compared with 9M22

Profit before tax of $10.8bn was $5.3bn higher than in 9M22 on a constant currency basis. This was driven by an increase in revenue across all our main legal entities, primarily from a $4.8bn increase in GPS net interest income. It also included a provisional gain of $1.6bn from HSBC UK's acquisition of SVB UK. These increases were partly offset by a higher ECL charge and a rise in operating expenses.

Revenue of $17.6bn was $6.1bn or 53% higher on a constant currency basis.

- In GPS, revenue increased by $4.8bn, with growth in all main legal entities, driven by an increase in margins reflecting interest rate rises and repricing actions, while average balances were broadly stable despite a market-wide reduction in the UK as customers used their surplus liquidity. There was also an 8% increase in fee income, notably in cards and payments, with growth across most of our main legal entities, notably in Asia and the UK.

- In Global Trade and Receivables Finance, revenue was down 2%, driven by lower average balances in our main legal entity in Asia, reflecting the softer trade cycle, partly offset by growth in our main legal entity in the UK as margins improved. In addition, there was a 2% increase in fee income.

- In Credit and Lending, revenue decreased by $0.3bn or 6%, notably in our main legal entities in Asia and Europe, primarily due to margin compression and lower balances, reflecting softer demand from customers across these markets.

- In GBM products, Insurance and Investments, and Other, revenue increased by $1.6bn, driven by incremental revenue from HSBC Innovation Banking, which included the provisional gain of $1.6bn on the acquisition of SVB UK, comprising the preliminary gain on acquisition of $1.5bn in 1Q23 and an additional gain of $0.1bn recognised in 3Q23. There was a 9% increase in collaboration revenue from GBM products, notably Foreign Exchange, and higher interest on capital held in the business of $0.5bn. These increases were partly offset by a reduction of income allocated from Markets Treasury of $0.5bn, including disposal losses on repositioning, higher HSBC Holdings interest expense of $0.3bn, and the adverse impacts of hyperinflationary accounting of $0.2bn.

ECL were a charge of $1.4bn, compared with a charge of $1.0bn in 9M22 on a constant currency basis. The increase of $0.4bn compared with 9M22 reflected the release of Covid-19-related allowances in the previous year. ECL in both periods reflected charges relating to the commercial real estate sector in mainland China and charges in the UK due to economic uncertainty.

Operating expenses of $5.5bn were higher on a constant currency basis. The increase reflected incremental costs in HSBC Innovation Banking of $0.2bn following the acquisition and integration of SVB UK, a higher performance-related pay accrual, ongoing investment in technology and inflationary impacts. These increases were in part mitigated by the impact of continued strategic cost-saving initiatives.

3Q23 compared with 3Q22

Profit before tax of $2.8bn was $0.7bn or 36% higher than in 3Q22 on a constant currency basis, primarily due to an increase in revenue in GPS, driven by higher net interest income from the positive impact of interest rate rises and repricing actions. ECL were broadly unchanged, with 3Q23 reflecting charges against the commercial real estate sector in mainland China. Operating expenses were $0.2bn higher, mainly driven by incremental costs relating to HSBC Innovation Banking of $0.1bn, continued investments in technology and an increase in the performance-related pay accrual.

Global Banking and Markets - constant currency basis