RE: Investors Chronicle21 May 2018 06:15
Steel the show
For all its blue-sky potential, vanadium�s principal application is decidedly low-tech. More than 90 per cent of the metal is used in steel manufacturing, where the addition of two pounds of vanadium will double the strength of a tonne of product. As you�d expect, China has an outsized role in the demand for the metal, given its dominance in steel, although over the next decade the country's annual production growth is expected to fall to 0.9 per cent � compared with 1.76 per cent globally � in part to adjust to its own falling steel consumption.
Yet within those numbers is a hidden driver: growing enforcement in China of high-strength rebar steel standards. According to analysis from Bushveld and consultancy TTP Squared, China used 48g of vanadium per tonne of steel produced in 2017. Were Chinese steelmakers to match European standards, this would require an additional 30g per tonne. Again, using 2017 Chinese steel production as a benchmark, this would equate to another 24kMt (thousand metric tonnes) of vanadium.
Some bears suggest a potential surge in medium-term demand (and with it price) runs the risk of substitution to niobium, another high-strength steel alloy. For steel manufacturers, there are obstacles to this, however, including complicated adjustments to production facilities, and the reliance on securing off-take deals from an industry dominated by one Brazilian company, CBMM. As such, there is reason to believe that steel producers have some capacity to absorb higher vanadium prices, particularly if prices of a more important input � iron ore � soften, as many expect.
Maintaining the flow
Unfortunately, high vanadium prices could be harmful to the second major driver of demand, redox flow batteries (see box below), given the metal�s significant proportional cost to the technology. As energy storage becomes a critical part of the low-carbon energy transition, demand for redox batteries (which are safer and longer lasting that lithium-ion alternatives), should be strong.
To put this into context for vanadium demand, the 200MW redox mega-battery developed by Chinese company Rongke Power is estimated to require more than 4kMt of the metal. Alone, that�s half the total global demand Roskill expects by 2027, suggesting there could be a massive secondary source of demand in the years ahead, so long as supply maintains the pace.
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