Covid-19 - SFX-012 Oct 2020 08:22
University of Dundee
Can activation of NRF2 be a strategy against COVID-19?
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Sulforaphane
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), originally isolated from broccoli, a cruciferous vegetable,as an inducer of the classical NRF2 target,NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) [76],is the most potent naturally occurring NRF2 activator, with well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [77].
The highbioavailabilityof SFN and its stabilizeda-cyclodextrin-encapsulated version sulforadex (SFX-01) makes it an excellent candidate for alleviating exces-sive anti-inflammatory responses and protecting the lungs.
SFN has been found to be protectivein animal models of respiratory disease, including an ARDS model in rabbits [78] and a hyperoxia-induced pulmonary injury model in mice [79]. It also limits RSV replication and virus-inducedinflammation in the lungs of wild-type, but not NRF2-null, mice [80]. In HIV-1 transgenic rats,SFN increased GSH levels and the expression of NQO1, and restored the tight junctions betweenthe alveolar epithelial cells [81].
In anin vitromodel of influenza A infection, SFN reduced both viralcell entry and replication [82]. In addition, SFN suppresses HCV replication [83] and reducesHSV-1 virion production [29]. Interestingly, SFN inhibits nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-, and pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) 1 and 3 inflammasomes (crucial innate immune components that shape host immune homeostasis) aswell as pyroptosis, partly in an NRF2-independent manner [84].
Moreover, an interesting study con-ducted in smokers (a patient cohort with higher risk of lung infections, damage etc.) showed that SFN increased the expression of NQO1 in cells of nasal lavage fluid and, upon infection with live at-tenuated influenza virus, lowered the levels of IL-6 and viral load [85]
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