ITM snuck in emissions data here-vg31 Aug 2017 01:13
https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/ITM/13320742.html
Emissions in transport
In the drive to reduce harmful emissions, governments worldwide are now focusing on the heavy logistics industry, shipping and rail transport.
Diesel vehicles produce high amounts of smog-forming nitrogen oxide and particulate matter (soot) and diesel emissions in the logistics industry cause more than US$20 billion in health impacts each year, according to the American Lung Association. Transport emissions are expected to double by 2050 according to OECD. In California, the freight system is the single largest contributor of diesel particulate matter and smog forming nitrogen-oxide emissions in the state. The LA basin has the nation's highest ozone pollution. At the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, under their recently launched Clean Air Action Plan, up to $14 billion will be spent under a new clean-air plan to eliminate diesel vehicles and loading equipment by 2035 with zero and near-zero-emission technology.
In shipping, large ocean-going ships tend to use bunker fuel that can contain up to 3,500 times more sulphur than the diesel used to fuel passenger cars. Shipping now accounts for 13% of annual sulphur oxide emissions worldwide according to the International Maritime Organization. New global rules for shipping to cut sulphur pollution are due to come into force in 2020 but the sulphur content of shipping fuel under the new regulations will still be some 500 times higher than road diesel. Shipping is also responsible for 15% of global NOx emissions, and 3% of CO2 emissions, which are expected to increase considerably in the next 30 years. Most of these emissions occur out to sea but ships in seaports can be major polluters on land.
In rail transport, enclosed railway stations hosting diesel trains pose a risk to passengers and workers, according to an independent study by the University of Cambridge et al, published in September 2015. For example, London Paddington, over a period of five days, was found to be in breach of European limits regarding nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for outdoor air quality. Particulate matter (PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and NO2 concentrations were also found to be much higher than on the busy Marylebone road next door. Up to 70% of Paddington's trains are powered by diesel engines with many of them old and thus exempt from the regulations for modern diesel locomotives.
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