£576m cash balance18 Aug 2015 20:46
The Indian government and Cairn are now required to negotiate to seek a resolution to the dispute. If there is no agreement, an international arbitration panel will adjudicate.
Simon Thomson, chief executive of Cairn Energy, said the new bill is "very disappointing" after regular engagement with the Indian government over the past 14 months.
"Cairn has consistently confirmed that it has been fully compliant with all relevant legislation and paid all applicable taxes in India and we are confident of our position under the UK-India Investment Treaty," he added.
New wells
He also raised wider concerns about the Indian government's treatment of foreign investors in the country, implying that this case will damage the country's interests.
"Since the election of the BJP, senior government ministers have consistently commented on the negative impact the issue of retrospective taxation has had on international reputation and investor sentiment towards India," said Mr Thompson.
The heightening of the dispute came hours after the annual results showed Cairn's loss last year fell to £252m - less than the previous year.
In its annual results, it announced plans to drill at least three new wells in Senegal, West Africa, this year.
The exploration firm has no revenue because its focus is exploration work.
However, it reports a cash balance of £576m, which analysts said puts it in a solid financial position ahead of expected first sales in two years' time.