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Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have uncovered additional roles for CD4+ T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, and have described previously unappreciated functions for memory CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses. Here, we review the full range of antiviral functions of CD4+ T cells, discussing the activities of these cells in helping other lymphocytes and in inducing innate immune responses, as well as their direct antiviral roles. We suggest that all of these functions of CD4+ T cells are integrated to provide highly effective immune protection against viral pathogens.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764486/
""indispensable""
which is why Oxford hailing T cell success .... is a bit strange ..
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41417-020-0183-x/figures/2
on the right hand side you will see ... antibody affinity maturation and class switching ...
CD4+ T cells are also indispensable for the induction of humoral responses against tumour antigens by providing help via CD40 ligand signalling to CD40 on B cells to drive their differentiation and maturation into affinity-matured, class-switched plasma cells. Their activity correlates with the presence of serum antibodies specific to tumour antigens [17, 128], and they likely play a role in driving local antibody responses in tertiary lymphoid structures [129] adjacent to solid tumours.
just replace "tumour antigens" with "Viral antigens"....
the Roche .. BioNtech trial is so revealing .......... they had immune activation !!
but that response was poor ......... so a "personal vaccine" plus a Checkpoint .... failed despite eliciting an immune response
and this is the problem when you only look at "immune response" ..... Inovio always did the same it announced fantastic T cell numbers .... however run through the products that it has scrapped ... or Big Pharma have walked away from .. and those responses hide the truth ..
which is why I caveat my posts on moditope Ovarian Cancer with
Waiting for Efficacy ...
but what i can do with SCIB1 ... is declare Efficacy .... we already know it works .. in the adjuvant and against solid tumor
Lung Mets disappeared ... can we now remove one of the defense arms of cancer with Keytruda .. ?
waiting efficacy ...
For those looking at UK deaths, this report may be useful: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2521-4?
OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients (obviously not all of them died of or were even tested for Covid-19)
* vaccine doses, not different vaccines
I had a different understanding from the S& Committee (from recollection). Basically Oxford said their that some did not elicit the antibody response sufficiently to ensure immunity.
To me, that means ensuring there is a T-cell response is imperative. I fully appreciate that they want to show a victory and I believe the much made of revamping of clinical processes itself is a win for everyone even if the manufacturing facilities they have built produces the £1BN plus vaccines by another player.
https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/135/science-and-technology-committee-commons (Chris Whitty at bottom)
I noticed Prof. Ball commenting in this DT explanatory - full copy below : ""What I would say is that if a vaccine elicits both responses it is potentially going to be better than one that just elicits one arm of the immune system," said Professor Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. "
Here's the complete version : "Scientists increasingly believe that any successful vaccine may need to trigger both an antibody and T-cell response – the two key aspects of our "adaptive" immune system. Antibodies, produced by B cells, recognise a virus circulating in our body and neutralise it, preventing it from entering our cells. T-cells are slightly different. They help to make antibodies but also directly attack human cells that have already become infected with a virus. These cells are vital in fighting a number of illnesses, including measles and the common cold. When we have fought off an infection once, we retain a number of "memory" cells that are primed and ready to attack if we are infected with the virus again – and it is this process that a vaccine is attempting to replicate.
"What I would say is that if a vaccine elicits both responses it is potentially going to be better than one that just elicits one arm of the immune system," said Professor Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. "The best vaccines tend to be those that mimic a viral infection, and this 'natural' infection would trigger both antibodies and T-cells." Research published in the last few weeks appears to underline the importance of triggering a broad immune response. A team at King's College London has found that antibodies do not remain in our blood for long. Of 96 people tracked, 60 per cent had a "potent" Covid-19 antibody response at the height of their infection. This fell to just 17 per cent three months later – in some, antibodies were almost undetectable.
Separately, studies have detected T-cell reactivity against Sars-CoV-2 in those who have never been exposed to the virus. But Professor Beate Kampmann, director of the Vaccine Centre at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, warned that this does not mean vaccines which fail to produce T-cells will not be effective. Fading antibodies do not necessarily equate to fading immunity – it is entirely possible that antibodies in our blood may fall below detectable levels while still providing an effective defence against reinfection. Likewise, just because a candidate elicits a T-cell response, this "does not guarantee that it will be safe and effective".
"A safe and effective vaccine is not just around the corner, and there are many unknowns – much bigger datasets and trials are needed," warned Prof Kampmann."
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/07/15/coronavirus-vaccine-breakthrough-oxford-scientists-discover/