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Mogwhy, 16/12/2020:
Just in case anyone doubts the extra requirement for vanadium over the next couple of years, here is a list of planned major VRFB projects. Add in all the smaller Invinity type projects as well and you can probably double it.
Major planned VRFB projects (4.5 tonnes of V per MWh)
1,000 MWh------- China - Jiangsu TianWan nuclear station (4,500 tonnes)
1,000 MWh------- China - Jiangsu offshore wind integration (4,500 tonnes)
---800 MWh------ China - Shijiazhuang (3,600 tonnes)
---400 MWh------ China - Dalian (Rongke/UET) stage 2 (1,800 tonnes)
---320 MWh------ Eskom BESS phase 2 (1,440 tonnes max)
---500 MWh------ China - Hubei Zaoyang Ph 2 (VRB Energy) (2,250 tonnes)
---400 MWh------ China - Yancheng (Shanghai Electric Group) (1,800 tonnes)
---400 MWh------ China - Wuhan (1,800 tonnes)
---166 MWh------ Eskom BESS phase 1 package 2 (747 tonnes max)
---160 MWh------ Eskom BESS phase 1 package 1 (720 tonnes max)
---300 MWh------ Australia - Pangea, Port Augusta (CellCube) (1,350 tonnes)
---180 MWh------Bushveld Minerals self generation project (810 tonnes)
-----82 MWh------ Eskom BESS phase 1 package 3 (369 tonnes max)
-----51 MWh------Japan - Abira Town Hokkaido (Sumitomo Elec) (230 tonnes)
-----40 MWh------ China - Wafangdian Zhenhai Wind Farm (180 tonnes)
One off total of 29,096 tonnes of vanadium required
Global vanadium production in 2019 - 111,225 tonnes
-----------------------------------------------------
If that isn't enough demand, then look at the extra yearly requirement for planned electrolyte production.
Planned electrolyte production (4.5 tonnes of V per MWh)
2mt electrolyte- China - Fangchenggang (250,000 tonnes per year)
--------?------------ China - Ningde, Fujian (30,000 tonnes per year)
3,000 MWh pa -- Saudi Arabia, Dammam (13,500 tonnes per year)
1,650 MWh pa - China - Yichun - Jiangxi Yinhui New Energy (7,425 tpa)
1,000 MWh pa - China - Ankang, Shaanxi - Huaqin Energy (4,500 tpa)
---200 MWh pa - South Africa - Bushveld Energy Phase 1 (900 tpa)
---200 MWh pa - USA - New York (Margaret Lake) ph 1 (900 tpa)
Total of 307,225 tonnes of vanadium per annum
That's almost 3 times current annual vanadium production.
I must admit, I'm not against nuclear power - I earned my living from it in times gone by. I question whether we can afford it, though. EVERY ONE, to my knowledge, of the first generation Magnox stations was different. There was no economy of scale. Granted, the designs were created in the late 40s and early 50s and there was no "prior art" to draw upon. A great deal of the current body of knowledge depends on those pioneering days. However, can we ever overcome the inherent issues in operating power stations where the run-time of the reactor is limited by physical changes to the reactor structure that are engendered by the very operation of the reactor? Will modular reactors give any advantage in this respect? Conventional power stations are not immune to these effects either, but at least the scrap can be recycled in human timescales...
@Bryn59
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https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/election-us-2020-54786937
One of the biggest differences between a Trump presidency and a Biden one would be green energy, former Federal Reserve Governor Randall Kroszner told the BBC’s Today programme.
“President Biden would very much do investments in that realm, President Trump would certainly not,” he said.
Here’s a quick look at some of the key pledges the Democrat has made on this:
Biden wants the US energy sector to go carbon-free by 2035
His campaign says he will phase out taxpayer subsidies for fossil fuel companies
Earlier in the campaign cycle, Biden suggested to voters that he favoured ending fracking, which allows drilling firms to access difficult-to-reach oil and gas reserves. But since becoming the White House nominee, he has said his policy is more limited - to end fracking leases on federal land
He says he would seek to rejoin the Paris climate agreement, which aims to tackle global warming. Under Trump, the US has become the first nation in the world to formally withdraw from the deal
He has ambitious ideas to revolutionise transport in the US using electric vehicles and trains
He has also pledged to build 1.5 million sustainable homes and housing units
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54723147
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-54754016