EVERY part works on it "Epitope"31 Jan 2019 17:48
including MABs'
Epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or "epitope", of an antibody on its target antigen (usually, on a protein).[1][2][3] Identification and characterization of antibody binding sites aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics.[4][5][6] Epitope characterization can also help elucidate the mechanism of binding for an antibody[7] and can strength intellectual property (patent) protection.[8][9][10] Experimental epitope mapping data can be incorporated into robust algorithms to facilitate in silico prediction of B-cell epitopes based on sequence and/or structural data.[11]
and if you think i am joking ,............ here is the binding of PD1 """""The pembrolizumab epitope of PD-1""""
Pembrolizumab (trade name KEYTRUDA) is a humanized IgG4 antibody that blocks PD-1 (ref. 26). The FDA approved pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma in September 2014 and metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in October 2015. The PD-1/pembrolizumab Fab fragment complex was crystallized and its structure was determined and refined to a resolution of 2.0?Å (Fig. 1a,b). The pembrolizumab epitope of PD-1 consists of numerous discontinuous segments (Fig. 2a). The formation of hydrogen bonds between PD-1 and pembrolizumab involves side chain atoms of PD1N66, PD1T76, PD1K78, PD1S87 and PD1K131 and main chain atoms of PD1F63, PD1E84, PD1S87, PD1G90 and PD1A132, whereas a salt bridge is formed between PD1D85 and heavyR99. In addition, the main chain atom of PD1K78 and the side chain atoms of PD1S87 and PD1D85 participate in water-mediated interactions with heavyN52 and heavyR99. The residues of PD-1 involved in van der Waals contact with pembrolizumab are PD1S62, PD1V64, PD1Y68, PD1Q75, PD1D77, PD1A81, PD1F82, PD1P83, PD1R86, PD1Q88, PD1P89, PD1G90, PD1I126, PD1L128, PD1A129, and PD1I134. The paratope of pembrolizumab consists of heavyT30, heavyY33, and heavyY35 of HCDR1; heavyN52, heavyS54, heavyN55, heavyG57, heavyT58, and heavyN59 of HCDR2; heavyR99, heavyY101, heavyR102, heavyF103, heavyD104, heavyM105, and heavyD108 of HCDR3; lightT31, lightS32, lightY34, and lightY36 of LCDR1; lightY53, lightL54, lightY57, and lightE59 of LCDR2; and lightS95, lightR96, lightD97, lightL98 and lightL100 of LCDR3.
which is why i keep saying it ......... the """ Epitopes"""" are of such extreme value once proven
the other part that gets mentioned in the paratope ...
A paratope, also called an antigen-binding site, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen. It is a small region (of 5 to 10 amino acids) of the antibody's Fv region, part of the fragment antigen-binding (Fab region), and contains parts of the antibody's heavy and light chains.
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