Surging Gas Demand to Outstrip Supply Pt. 16 Dec 2021 18:30
http://gorozen.com/research/commentaries/3Q2021_Commentary
Beginning in 2013, we wrote about the relationship between a country’s wealth and its demand for natural gas. When a country is poor, it must burn the cheapest energy available: coal. Compared with coal, natural gas is a much cleaner fuel – generating much less smog and CO2 – however, it is expensive. Not only is gas more expensive per mmbtu, but the infrastructure needed to handle a gas instead of a solid is dramatically higher. Therefore, poorer countries tend to use less natural gas as a percent of their energy mix. OECD countries generate 12% of their primary energy from coal compared with 37% for non-OECD countries.
As a country gets richer, its citizens demand a better quality of life – and air quality is extremely important. For example, in a recent survey of Chinese citizens, the top five concerns were dominated by issues of environmental degradation. In 2015, demonstrations erupted across China demanding cleaner air as hundreds of millions in and around major urban areas were subjected to endless smog and haze. Shortly thereafter, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) announced a plan to increase natural gas to 15% of its energy mix by 2030 from only 5% in 2015.
We first identified these trends back in 2010 and used the relationship between per capita wealth and natural gas share of the energy mix to build a global gas demand model projecting robust demand far greater than consensus. At the time, prevailing wisdom held that projected large increases in Qatar export capacity could not be absorbed by world markets and that LNG prices would be driven to sub $1 per mmbtu -- LNG’s marginal cost. This bearish argument took global planned import capacity, which was projected to grow far more slowly than LNG supply, as a proxy for demand. We argued instead that rising incomes, coupled with global growth, would be the factors driving consumption and that import infrastructure would grow to meet demand, not the other way around.
We have updated our models several times since then. Every time we do, our models become even more bullish. Between 2010 and 2020, Chinese gas demand tripled – far more than anyone believed possible. As China’s per capita wealth increased, Chinese LNG imports went up seven-fold as production and pipeline imports were unable to meet the increased demand resulting from the desire to switch away from burning coal. Last year, gas made up 8% of China’s energy mix – up from 4% in 2010 -- and is on track to reach 15% by 2030. Earlier this year China replaced Japan as the largest LNG importer for the first time ever.