RE: The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)1 Sep 2025 12:39
Commercial banks in the UK are not legally required to hold a specific minimum amount of reserves at the Bank of England (BoE), however there is certain amount assets are classified as unencumbered – cannot be used (2024 £m 4,359).
Lloyds Bank has held excess reserves, but it should be noted that those excess reserves have declined steadily over time:
Cash and balances at central banks:
2022 £m 91,388
2023 £m 78,110
2024 £m 62,705
So, as interest rates are reducing, Lloyds Bank are withdrawing from those excess reserves, and it could be concluded that Lloyds Bank are investing those excess reserves into financial projects with a better return than the Bank Rate at that time.
Commercial banks in the UK decide how much to hold in Bank of England reserves based on their day-to-day liquidity needs, their overall lending strategies, and the Bank of England's monetary policy, especially the interest rate it pays on reserves.
The UK has operated a "floor system" where reserves are remunerated at Bank Rate, which keeps short-term money market interest rates very close to the Bank Rate. Because banks are paid interest on their reserves, they have less incentive to lend them out at lower rates.
If commercial banks have to pay a ‘QE reserves income levy (>2%)’, or were subjected to zero interest rate, why would they hold any excess reserves with the Bank of England. Those huge sums would be put to better use which would affect the rate of inflation.
In order to avoid a surge of inflation, each bank would have to have a minimum quota of non-interest-bearing required reserves assigned to it. It would not be allowed to let its balance go below the quota, and the quota would ipso facto become an illiquid asset. The banking system would be less well protected against a liquidity crisis than it is now.
The IPPR Report is disingenuous in the way they present the percentage increase in commercial bank share prices (December 2021 - May 2025). Conveniently excluding the share price reaction to post-COVID, with no inclusion of the share price at the start of COVID share price cliff-edge fall (Jan 2020 c.62.5p).
This share price graph is the very first presentation of any data that the IPPR rely on in their Report.
Also, IPPR calculations are based on Bank Rates of 4.0% (2025/26) and then 3.8% thereafter, (2026-30). IPPR calculations should have incorporated a high-case and low-case Bank Rate scenario, as there is no way of knowing what the future Bank Rate will be.