RE: Flow battery demand will drive v production to double by 20318 Jun 2022 16:58
In terms of regions, Guidehouse expects Asia-Pacific to lead installation figures, with Western Europe and North America the other top global regions. Asia-Pacific deployments are predicted to reach about 14.5GWh annually, Western Europe about 9.3GWh and North America about 5.8GWh according to the white paper.
Vanadium is currently used in a number of industries, with the biggest share today being as an additive that can greatly strengthen steel alloys used in construction with even just a small amount of vanadium added.
As we noted in an article last year for the journal PV Tech Power, there are however only three primary vanadium producers in the world, with the majority of vanadium coming from secondary sources as a byproduct of steel production.
That said, there are efforts ongoing to create bigger resources of vanadium feedstock, not least of all in Australia where financial support has been extended to companies looking to extract vanadium from the ground and turn it into electrolyte.
Guidehouse Insights forecasts that the growth of VRFBs will be such that by 2031, between 127,500 and 173,800 tonnes of new vanadium demand will be created, equivalent to double the demand for the metal today.
The electrolyte constitutes around 30% to 50% of the total system cost of a VRFB energy storage project, which Guidehouse noted is the highest percentage cost for a key mineral in any type of battery. However, the batteries could be capable of 10,000 to 20,000 cycles during their lifetime without requiring rest periods or experiencing capacity degradation, which raises their operational availability versus an average of around 3,000 cycles for Li-ion batteries.
The paper does acknowledge some of the technology’s downsides, albeit whilst pointing out that the industry is working to address those, such as: lower round-trip efficiency (flow batteries average 70% to 85%, versus 90% to 95% for Li-ion), lower energy density and therefore larger footprint and the most pressing barrier, the need to “substantially reduce costs,” in light of the technology’s vulnerability to spikes in the price of vanadium and high capital cost.