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no that is spot on ..
Inan,
Yet another little gem from you to support LD's genius, thanks.
Covidity "The N protein is highly conserved amongst coronaviruses; therefore, this new vaccine has the potential to generate protection not only against SARS-CoV-2, but also against new strains of coronavirus that may arise in the future."
Or, have I missed your point here as I seem to be quite good at sometimes.
ATB
Bunsie
Appears that GPs are more likely to mutate into either GPs and the same with proteins.
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjMq_yllYnsAhWoThUIHf2LAqAQFjACegQIBRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2052297520300251&usg=AOvVaw1PWoFJnOMfbJ0fgmrPu5GC
As Inan says it is very early days in thinking about having a vaccine to counter different coronaviruses.
There might even possibly be common epitopes on the S protein that remain the same as Covid19 mutates.
It strikes me that the IB approach is so much more precise than the adenovirus approach. That is just an impression I get.
Hi Ray,
Have not seen paper but your theory does tie up that a centralised protein like the N Nucleocapsid is more likely to work against mutating antigenic strains than a GP found in the spike.
ATB
Time will tell ... you are years away from proving that data .. as the upcoming trial is not investigating that aspect
Thanks Inan
I might be wrong but does this article suggest that it is likely that the same N targets may be present in coronaviruses across different animal species as well as across different coronaviruses from the same animal specie.
Also, these 2 sentences from the article also suggest that the N targets are highly immunogenic
"Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 N gene was safe and highly immunogenic as a DNA vaccine. "
"This revealed a single region to which H-2b-restricted T cells produced both interleukin-2 (IL-2) (data not shown) and gamma interferon (IFN-?) "
Of course, Lindy will be after finding the precise epitopes to target. So not only is there more precision in Lindy's approach but the resultant T Cells have such high avidity.
Thus, although this is a murine T-cell epitope, this predicts the benefit of using SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that also include the N protein, as this protein is likely to induce immune cells that also recognize CoVs in future outbreaks. Hence, including N and/or other structural proteins in addition to spike-related sequences adds the benefits of increasing immunogenicity and ensures a more future-proof vaccine design.
More Proof that Scancells approach should yield excellent results .. with the benefit also of the potency of the immunobody vaccine.
again with the Daily mail, and the times article ............ its a further buy indicator
https://jvi.asm.org/content/94/18/e01279-20
LETTER
Dutta and coworkers suggest in a recent letter (1) that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (N) might be a good vaccine target. They argue that the conserved nature of the N protein makes it a suitable vaccine component. The concept of using a nucleoprotein to protect against infection was already shown in chimpanzees in 1985 when Iwarson and colleagues used the hepatitis B core antigen to protect chimpanzees against hepatitis B challenge (2). A SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques protects against reinfection, supporting the concept of a protective immunity (3), and an inactivated whole-virus vaccine, containing all structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, protects macaques against infection (4). However, the vast majority of vaccines currently in clinical development are based only on the spike protein, or parts thereof, and seem to protect against disease but not against infection (5, 6). When these are based on viral vectors, antivector immunity limits repeat vaccinations. We agree with Dutta and colleagues on the importance of the N protein in vaccines and show data to support this view. The partners in the OPENCORONA vaccine consortium generated a codon-optimized SARS-CoV-2 N gene based on the Wuhan-1 isolate (7) (GenScript, USA). A final SARS-CoV-2 vaccine combines the N protein with other structural proteins to generate a synthetic whole-virus vaccine. To first test that a SARS-CoV-2 N plasmid is safe and immunogenic in a larger animal, we immunized six New Zealand White rabbits with 0.3 or 0.9?mg of DNA intramuscularly (i.m.) at weeks 0 and 3 using in vivo electroporation (EP) (GeneDrive; IGEA, Italy). Venous blood was drawn at weeks 2 and 5 and was analyzed for the presence of N antibodies by an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (8) using an Escherichia coli-expressed N protein based on the same strain (GenScript). A single injection of the N plasmid induced anti-N titers of 103 to 104, and 2 weeks after a boost the levels reached 104 to 105, with no difference in the DNA dose used (Fig. 1). Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 N gene was safe and highly immunogenic as a DNA vaccine. To evaluate the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 N DNA to induce T cells, and in particular T cells cross-reacting with coronaviruses (CoVs) from other species, we immunized groups of C57BL/6 mice with N protein in adjuvant (data not shown) or 50?µg of DNA. Splenocytes were analyzed for recognition of N-based peptide pools containing four overlapping peptides by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay as described previously (8). This revealed a single region to which H-2b-restricted T cells produced both interleukin-2 (IL-2) (data not shown) and gamma interferon (IFN-?) (Fig. 1). Importantly, the sequence of this region was 100% identical to that of pangolin CoV and had an 86% homology with that of bat CoV.